39 research outputs found
Progress on lead-free metal halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications: a review
ABSTRACT: Metal halide perovskites have revolutionized the field of solution-processable photovoltaics. Within just a few years, the power conversion efficiencies of perovskite-based solar cells have been improved significantly to over 20%, which makes them now already comparably efficient to silicon-based photovoltaics. This breakthrough in solution-based photovoltaics, however, has the drawback that these high efficiencies can only be obtained with lead-based perovskites and this will arguably be a substantial hurdle for various applications of perovskite-based photovoltaics and their acceptance in society, even though the amounts of lead in the solar cells are low. This fact opened up a new research field on lead-free metal halide perovskites, which is currently remarkably vivid. We took this as incentive to review this emerging research field and discuss possible alternative elements to replace lead in metal halide perovskites and the properties of the corresponding perovskite materials based on recent theoretical and experimental studies. Up to now, tin-based perovskites turned out to be most promising in terms of power conversion efficiency; however, also the toxicity of these tin-based perovskites is argued. In the focus of the research community are other elements as well including germanium, copper, antimony, or bismuth, and the corresponding perovskite compounds are already showing promising properties. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text
Obuchenie bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom: psikhologicheskiy analiz
Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ (Π‘Π) ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π‘Π Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΠ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ², ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ, Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ