39 research outputs found

    Progress on lead-free metal halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications: a review

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    ABSTRACT: Metal halide perovskites have revolutionized the field of solution-processable photovoltaics. Within just a few years, the power conversion efficiencies of perovskite-based solar cells have been improved significantly to over 20%, which makes them now already comparably efficient to silicon-based photovoltaics. This breakthrough in solution-based photovoltaics, however, has the drawback that these high efficiencies can only be obtained with lead-based perovskites and this will arguably be a substantial hurdle for various applications of perovskite-based photovoltaics and their acceptance in society, even though the amounts of lead in the solar cells are low. This fact opened up a new research field on lead-free metal halide perovskites, which is currently remarkably vivid. We took this as incentive to review this emerging research field and discuss possible alternative elements to replace lead in metal halide perovskites and the properties of the corresponding perovskite materials based on recent theoretical and experimental studies. Up to now, tin-based perovskites turned out to be most promising in terms of power conversion efficiency; however, also the toxicity of these tin-based perovskites is argued. In the focus of the research community are other elements as well including germanium, copper, antimony, or bismuth, and the corresponding perovskite compounds are already showing promising properties. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text

    Reaction of N-halomethyl-N-nitrourethanes with thiophenol salts

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    Nitration of acylated substituted methylenediamines

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    The synthesis of 3-nitroso-4-R-furazanes

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    Obuchenie bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom: psikhologicheskiy analiz

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    Π’ настоящСС врСмя Π²ΠΎ всСм ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π΅ Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-профилактичСская ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ сахарным Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ (Π‘Π”) оказываСтся прСимущСствСнно Π² Π°ΠΌΠ±ΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… условиях. Π˜Π·Π²Π΅ΡΡ‚Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ лСчСния Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π‘Π” Π² большой ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ обСспСчиваСт ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ управлСния Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠžΠ±ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… хроничСскими заболСваниями являСтся Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ практичСской ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹, Ρ€Π΅Π³Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ рСкомСндациями Π’ΠžΠ—. Для обучСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ структурированныС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡ‹, доказавшиС свою ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… исслСдований. Π’ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ обучСния Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ участиС психологов, ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌΡƒ, Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π» эффСктивности обучСния Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ психологичСского ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ этому процСссу
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