Features of micro- and ultrastructure of low-fat butter and its low-fat analogues

The aim of the research was to study the features of the structure of low-fat butter and butter pastes, which, in terms of composition and properties, more fully meet the requirements of a healthy diet than high-fat types of butter. The objects of research were: butter with fat content of 72.5%; butter with fat content of 55% made with the addition of skimmed milk powder; butter of the same fat content with the addition of stabilizers based on guar and xanthan gums and emulsifiers based on monoand diglycerides of fatty acids; butter pastes with fat content of 45% with similar additives used to increase the stability of the process of butter formation and improve the texture. The microstructure was studied using an MBI-6 microscope, and the ultramicrostructure was studied using a Phillips electron microscope. In the first case, the sample was prepared by crushing the sample, in the second one — by the method of ultrafast freeze-fracture and etching. Researches have shown that the use of the introduced ingredients improves the homogeneity of the structure of the studied products. Due to the ability of milk proteins and stabilizers to retain moisture, it is more evenly distributed and well retained in the fat matrix of the product, formed from crystalline and liquid fat in the form of a continuous phase, which is confirmed by a sufficient penetration depth of the fat-soluble dye. Plasma droplets in butter with fat content of 72.5% and 55% are more isolated than in butter pastes, as indicated by the greater penetration depth of the water-soluble dye. The average diameter of isolated moisture droplets in low-fat products was 3.3–5.4 μm, and the average diameter of the fat globules that form the basis of the crystalline framework was 5.4–7.4 μm, depending on the composition of the product. For butter with fat content of 72.5%, the values of these indicators were 2.8 and 4.0 μm. The results of the study indicate the presence of differences in the sizes of structural elements, but at the same time confirm the uniformity of the structure of low-fat products, allowing them to be attributed to dispersions «water-in-oil»

Formation Regularities of Silicon-Polysaccaride-Containing Polyolate Hydrogels

This work was carried out in the framework of the state assignment of FASO of Russia (theme № AAAAA18-118020290116-5)

ENERGY-EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING SOLUTION OF IRKUTSK AIRPORT

Проектирование международного аэропорта является своевременной темой для Иркутска и всего Восточно-Сибирского района. В ходе работы были рассмотрены вопросы энергоэффективного архитектурного формообразования. Решены планировочно-организационные и технологические моменты проектирования.Designing the international airport is a timely topic for Irkutsk and East Siberian region. The issues of energy-efficient architectural formation were considered in the course of the work. Planning and technological aspects of design were solved

POLYOLATES OF BIOGENIC ELEMENTS AND THEIR MODIFIED DERIVATIVES IN SOL‒GEL SYNTHESIS OF DRUGS FOR TOPICAL APPLICATION IN MEDICINE AND VETERINARY

We have synthesized by sol‒gel method fairly extensive series of bioactive elementcontaining hydrogels based on polyolates of biogenic elements (silicon, zinc, boron, iron) and their modified derivatives1-5. Element-containing polyolates which are biocompatible and bioactive precursors in sol-gel synthesis have no negative effect on the biomacromolecules unlike commonly used alkoxy precursors, such as tetraethoxysilane Si(OEt)4. Moreover, the sol‒gel processing proceeds under mild conditions without using additional homogenizing solvent or catalyst. General regularities and features of gelation process were established for various element-containing precursors and also in comparison with alkoxy precursors.This work was carried out in the framework of State Assignment of the Russian Federation, Project No. АААА-А19-119011790134-1

Structural Features and Antimicrobial Activity of Silicon-Zinc-Boron-Containing Glycerohydrogel

This work was carried out within the framework of the project of UB RAS Integrated Program (theme № АААА-А18-118020290163-9)

Biomimetic sol-gel mineralization of polysaccharides by silicon and titanium polyolates

In this work, we have demonstrated that in addition to silicon tetraglycerolate, a new water-soluble biocompatible polyolate precursors – silicon tetrapolyethylene glycolate Si[O(CH2CH2O)nH]4 [5, 6] and titanium tetrapolyethylene glycolate Ti[O(CH2CH2O)nH]4 [5] – can be successfully utilized in biomimetical mineralization of polysaccharides of various nature. By the example of chitosan (cationic), xanthan gum (anionic), and hydroxyethyl cellulose (uncharged) polysaccharides, an accelerating effect has been demonstrated on the gelation process and a stabilizing effect has been revealed on the hydrogels formed as transparent monoliths showing resistance to syneresis. Thus formed silicon- and titanium-containing 3D-network of gels is found to be polymeric and appears to have ordered amorphous morphostructure, which can be explained as caused by the influence from the polysaccharides serving as templates. The presence of polyolate bridges between silicon or titanium atoms in the polymeric network is characteristic of polyolate precursors only and is determined mainly by the nature of the precursor and by the contents of polyol and water in the system. The formation of polyolate bridges is facilitated by the low reactivity of the precursor, by low water content, and also by polyol excess in the system. The sol-gel process utilized to obtain the silicon- and titanium-polysaccharide-containing hydrogels proceeds under the mild conditions at room temperature, with no catalyst or any organic solved to be used, and thus can be regarded as belonging to the green chemistry methods that show promise for biomedical materials applications.This work was carried out in the framework of the Russian State Assignment (theme № АААА-А19-119011790134-1)

Effect of Coulomb Forces on the Position of the Pole in the Scattering Amplitude and on Its Residue

Explicit expressions of the vertex constant for the decay of a nucleus into two charged particles for an arbitrary orbital momentum $l$ are derived for the standard expansion of the effective-range function $K_l(k^2)$, as well as when the function $K_0(k^2)$ has a pole. As physical examples, we consider the bound state of the nucleus ${}^3\rm{He}$ and the resonant states of the nuclei ${^2}$He and ${^3}$He in the s-wave, and those of ${}^5\rm{He}$ and ${}^5\rm{Li}$ in the p-wave. For the systems $Np$ and $Nd$ the pole trajectories are constructed in the complex planes of the momentum and of the renormalized vertex constant. They correspond to a transition from the resonance state to the virtual state while the Coulomb forces gradually decrease to zero.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figure

Скрининг бронхообструкции, вызванной физической нагрузкой, у лыжников и биатлонистов в различные периоды годового тренировочного цикла

Summary. The purpose of the study was to investigate prevalence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in winter sports athletes at different periods of an annual training cycle and to evaluate a role of NO production in the respiratory tract for EIB occurrence. 92 athletes were examined during a precompetitive period and 78 were examined during a competitive period of an annual training cycle (mean age was 17.5 ± 2.3 years). EIB was detected using an indirect exercise field-test in cold air. Before and after the challenge test the fractional exhaled NO (FeNO) was measured. Postexercise FEV1 decreased ≥ 10 % in 6.4 % and 6.5 % of athletes during the competitive and the precompetitive periods, respectively. A correlation was found between ΔFEV1 and ΔFEF25–75. In EIB-positive athletes, there was a significantly lower baseline FeNO during the precompetitive period (p = 0.03). Relationships were determined between post-exercise FEV1, FVC, PEF, FEF25–75 and post-exercise FeNO. The EIB prevalence among skiers and biathletes was as low as 6.5 %. The NO level correlated with pulmonary function in elite athletes.Резюме. Целью исследования было изучение распространенности бронхоспазма, вызванного физической нагрузкой (БФН), среди спортсменов лыжников и биатлонистов в различные периоды годового тренировочного цикла; исследование роли продукции NO в респираторном тракте в реализации данного феномена. В подготовительный период были обследованы 92 спортсмена, в соревновательный – 78 (средний возраст – 17,5 ± 2,3 года). Для выявления БФН использован непрямой провокационный тест с физической нагрузкой на открытом воздухе при низких температурах окружающей среды с динамической оценкой функции внешнего дыхания (ФВД). Исходно и после нагрузки определялся уровень оксида азота в выдыхаемом воздухе (NOвыд.). Снижение объема форсированного выдоха за 1-ю секунду (ОФВ1) на ≥10 % после нагрузки зарегистрировано у 6,4 % и 6,5 % спортсменов в соревновательном и подготовительном периодах соответственно. Установлена положительная взаимосвязь между показателями ΔОФВ1 и ΔМОС25–75. Определен достоверно меньший исходный уровень NOвыд. у спортсменов с БФН в подготовительный период (p = 0,03). Выявлена положительная взаимосвязь постнагрузочных значений ОФВ1, ФЖЕЛ, ПСВ, МОС25–75 с уровнем NOвыд. после нагрузки.Распространенность БФН среди лыжников и биатлонистов невысока и составляет ≤ 6,5 %. Описана взаимосвязь уровня NOвыд. с показателями ФВД у атлетов, занимающихся зимними видами спорта