Developing shared understandings of recovery and care: a qualitative study of women with eating disorders who resist therapeutic care

Background: This paper explores the differing perspectives of recovery and care of people with disordered eating. We consider the views of those who have not sought help for their disordered eating, or who have been given a diagnosis but have not engaged with health care services. Our aim is to demonstrate the importance of the cultural context of care and how this might shape people’s perspectives of recovery and openness to receiving professional care. Method: This study utilised a mixed methods approach of ethnographic fieldwork and psychological evaluation with 28 women from Adelaide, South Australia. Semi-structured interviews, observations, field notes and the Eating Disorder Examination were the primary forms of data collection. Data was analysed using thematic analysis. Results & Discussion: Participants in our study described how their disordered eating afforded them safety and were consistent with cultural values concerning healthy eating and gendered bodies. Disordered eating was viewed as a form of self-care, in which people protect and ‘take care’ of themselves. These subjectively experienced understandings of care underlie eating disorder behaviours and provide an obstacle in seeking any form of treatment that might lead to recovery. Conclusion: A shared understanding between patients and health professionals about the function of the eating disorder may avoid conflict and provide a pathway to treatment. These results suggest the construction of care by patients should not be taken for granted in therapeutic guidelines. A discussion considering how disordered eating practices are embedded in a matrix of care, health, eating and body practices may enhance the therapeutic relationship.Connie Musolino, Megan Warin, Tracey Wade and Peter Gilchris

Short horizons and obesity futures: Disjunctures between public health interventions and everyday temporalities

This paper examines the spatio-temporal disjuncture between ‘the future’ in public health obesity initiatives and the embodied reality of eating. Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork in a disadvantaged community in South Australia (August 2012–July 2014), we argue that the future oriented discourses of managing risk employed in obesity prevention programs have limited relevance to the immediacy of poverty, contingencies and survival that mark people's day to day lives. Extending Bourdieu's position that temporality is a central feature of practice, we develop the concept of short horizons to offer a theoretical framework to articulate the tensions between public health imperatives of healthy eating, and local ‘tastes of necessity’. Research undertaken at the time of Australia's largest obesity prevention program (OPAL) demonstrates that pre-emptive and risk-based approaches to health can fail to resonate when the future is not within easy reach. Considering the lack of evidence for success of obesity prevention programs, over-reliance on appeals to ‘the future’ may be a major challenge to the design, operationalisation and success of interventions. Attention to local rather than future horizons reveals a range of innovative strategies around everyday food and eating practices, and these capabilities need to be understood and supported in the delivery of obesity interventions. We argue, therefore, that public health initiatives should be located in the dynamics of a living present, tailored to the particular, localised spatio-temporal perspectives and material circumstances in which people live.Megan Warin, Tanya Zivkovic, Vivienne Moore, Paul R. Ward, Michelle Jone

Star Formation in the Extreme Outer Galaxy: Digel Cloud 2 Clusters

As a first step for studying star formation in the extreme outer Galaxy (EOG), we obtained deep near-infrared images of two embedded clusters at the northern and southern CO peaks of Cloud 2, which is one of the most distant star forming regions in the outer Galaxy (galactic radius R_g ~ 19 kpc). With high spatial resolution (FWHM ~ 0".35) and deep imaging (K ~ 21 mag) with the IRCS imager at the Subaru telescope, we detected cluster members with a mass detection limit of < 0.1 M_{sun}, which is well into the substellar regime. These high quality data enables a comparison of EOG to those in the solar neighborhood on the same basis for the first time. Before interpreting the photometric result, we have first constructed the NIR color-color diagram (dwarf star track, classical T Tauri star (CTTS) locus, reddening law) in the Mauna Kea Observatory filter system and also for the low metallicity environment since the metallicity in EOG is much lower than those in the solar neighborhood. The estimated stellar density suggests that an ``isolated type'' star formation is ongoing in Cloud 2-N, while a ``cluster type'' star formation is ongoing in Cloud 2-S. Despite the difference of the star formation mode, other characteristics of the two clusters are found to be almost identical: (1) K-band luminosity function (KLF) of the two clusters are quite similar, as is the estimated IMF and ages (~ 0.5--1 Myr) from the KLF fitting, (2) the estimated star formation efficiencies (SFEs) for both clusters are typical compared to those of embedded clusters in the solar neighborhood (~ 10 %). The similarity of two independent clusters with a large separation (~ 25 pc) strongly suggest that their star formation activities were triggered by the same mechanism, probably the supernova remnant (GSH 138-01-94).Comment: 14pages, 11 figures; Accepted for publication in Ap

Can Protostellar Jets Drive Supersonic Turbulence in Molecular Clouds?

Jets and outflows from young stellar objects are proposed candidates to drive supersonic turbulence in molecular clouds. Here, we present the results from multi-dimensional jet simulations where we investigate in detail the energy and momentum deposition from jets into their surrounding environment and quantify the character of the excited turbulence with velocity probability density functions. Our study include jet--clump interaction, transient jets, and magnetised jets. We find that collimated supersonic jets do not excite supersonic motions far from the vicinity of the jet. Supersonic fluctuations are damped quickly and do not spread into the parent cloud. Instead subsonic, non-compressional modes occupy most of the excited volume. This is a generic feature which can not be fully circumvented by overdense jets or magnetic fields. Nevertheless, jets are able to leave strong imprints in their cloud structure and can disrupt dense clumps. Our results question the ability of collimated jets to sustain supersonic turbulence in molecular clouds.Comment: 33 pages, 18 figures, accepted by ApJ, version with high resolution figures at: http://www.ita.uni-heidelberg.de/~banerjee/publications/jet_paper.pd

Spitzer Observations of NGC 1333: A Study of Structure and Evolution in a Nearby Embedded Cluster

We present a comprehensive analysis of structure in the young, embedded cluster, NGC 1333 using members identified with Spitzer and 2MASS photometry based on their IR-excess emission. In total, 137 members are identified in this way, composed of 39 protostars and 98 more evolved pre-main sequence stars with disks. Of the latter class, four are transition/debris disk candidates. The fraction of exposed pre-main sequence stars with disks is 83% +/- 11%, showing that there is a measurable diskless pre-main sequence population. The sources in each of the Class I and Class II evolutionary states are shown to have very different spatial distributions relative to the distribution of the dense gas in their natal cloud. However, the distribution of nearest neighbor spacings among these two groups of sources are found to be quite similar, with a strong peak at spacings of 0.045 pc. Radial and azimuthal density profiles and surface density maps computed from the identified YSOs show that NGC 1333 is elongated and not strongly centrally concentrated, confirming previous claims in the literature. We interpret these new results as signs of a low velocity dispersion, extremely young cluster that is not in virial equilibrium.Comment: 59 pages, 20 figures, accepted to ApJ, verion with full resolution figures available at http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~rgutermuth/preprints/gutermuth_ngc1333.pdf . Updated to fix astro-ph figure garblin

Large Scale CO Observations of a Far-Infrared Loop in Pegasus; Detection of a Large Number of Very Small Molecular Clouds Possibly Formed via Shocks

We have carried out large scale 12CO and 13CO observations with a mm/sub-mm telescope NANTEN toward a loop-like structure in far infrared whose angular extent is about 20x20 degrees around (l, b) ~ (109, -45) in Pegasus. The 12CO distribution is found to consist of 78 small clumpy clouds whose masses range from 0.04 Mo to 11 Mo. About 83% of the 12CO clouds have very small masses less than 1.0 Mo. 13CO emission shown in the 19 of the 78 12CO clouds was detected in the region where the column density of H2 derived from 12CO is greater than 5x10(20) cm(-2), corresponding to Av of ~ 1 mag, which takes into account that of HI. We find no indication of star formation in these clouds in IRAS and 2MASS Point Source Catalogs. The very low mass clouds, M < 1 Mo, identified are unusual in the sense that they have very weak 12CO peak temperature of 0.5 K to 2.7 K and that they aggregate in a region of a few pc with no main massive clouds of ~ 100 Mo. A comparison with a theoretical work on molecular cloud formation (Koyama & Inutsuka 2002) suggests that the very low-mass clouds may have been formed in the shocked layer through the thermal instability. The star HD886 (B2IV) may be the source of the mechanical luminosity via stellar winds to create shocks, forming the loop-like structure where the very low-mass clouds are embedded.Comment: Accepted by ApJ, 35pages including 14 figure

High-Mass Cloud Cores in the eta Carinae Giant Molecular Cloud

We carried out an unbiased survey for massive dense cores in the giant molecular cloud associated with eta Carinae with the NANTEN telescope in 12CO, 13CO, and C18O 1-0 emission lines. We identified 15 C18O cores. Two of the 15 cores are associated with IRAS point sources whose luminosities are larger than 10^4 Lo, which indicates that massive star formation is occuring within these cores. Five cores including the two with IRAS sources are associated with MSX point sources. We detected H13CO+ (1-0) emission toward 4 C18O cores, one of which is associated with neither IRAS nor MSX point sources. This core shows the presence of a bipolar molecular outflow in 12CO (2-1), which indicates that star formation is also occuring in the core. In total, six C18O cores out of 15 are experienced star formation, and at least 2 of 15 are massive-star forming cores in the eta Car GMC. We found that massive star formation occurs preferentially in cores with larger column density, mass, number density, and smaller ratio of virial mass to LTE mass Mvir/M. We also found that the cores in the eta Car GMC are characterized by large line width and Mvir/M on average compared to the cores in other GMCs. We investigated the origin of a large amount of turbulence in the eta Car GMC. We propose the possibility that the large turbulence was pre-existing when the GMC was formed, and is now dissipating. Mechanisms such as multiple supernova explosions in the Carina flare supershell may have contributed to form a GMC with a large amount of turbulence.Comment: 41 pages, including 11 fugures and 9 tables. Accepted by ApJ. Author changed. Paper with high resolution figures is available at http://astrol.cias.osakafu-u.ac.jp/~yonekura/work/paper/etaCar