Running-Related Injury Incidence: Does It Correlate with Kinematic Sub-groups of Runners? A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Historically, kinematic measures have been compared across injured and non-injured groups of runners, failing to take into account variability in kinematic patterns that exist independent of injury, and resulting in false positives. Research led by gait patterns and not pre-defined injury status is called for, to better understand running-related injury (RRI) aetiology and within- and between-group variability. OBJECTIVES: Synthesise evidence for the existence of distinct kinematic sub-groups across a population of injured and healthy runners and assess between-group variability in kinematics, demographics and injury incidence. DATA SOURCES: Electronic database search: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Wiley), Embase, OVID, Scopus. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Original, peer-reviewed, research articles, published from database start to August 2022 and limited to English language were searched for quantitative and mixed-methods full-text studies that clustered injured runners according to kinematic variables. RESULTS: Five studies (n = 690) were included in the review. All studies detected the presence of distinct kinematic sub-groups of runners through cluster analysis. Sub-groups were defined by multiple differences in hip, knee and foot kinematics. Sex, step rate and running speed also varied significantly between groups. Random injury dispersal across sub-groups suggests no strong evidence for an association between kinematic sub-groups and injury type or location. CONCLUSION: Sub-groups containing homogeneous gait patterns exist across healthy and injured populations of runners. It is likely that a single injury may be represented by multiple movement patterns, and therefore kinematics may not predict injury risk. Research to better understand the underlying causes of kinematic variability, and their associations with RRI, is warranted

Description of Komagataeibacter melaceti sp. nov. and Komagataeibacter melomenusus sp. nov. isolated from apple cider vinegar

Two novel strains AV382 and AV436 were isolated from a submerged industrial bioreactor for production of apple cider vinegar in Kopivnik (Slovenia). Both strains showed very high (>= 98.2%) 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities withKomagataeibacterspecies, but lower 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The highest similarity of the 16S-23S rRNA gene ITS of AV382 was toKomagataeibacter kakiacetiLMG 26206(T)(91.6%), of AV436 toKomagataeibacter xylinusLMG 1515(T)(93.9%). The analysis of genome sequences confirmed that AV382 is the most closely related toK. kakiaceti(ANIb 88.2%) and AV436 toK. xylinus(ANIb 91.6%). Genome to genome distance calculations exhibit for both strains <= 47.3% similarity to all type strains of the genusKomagataeibacter. The strain AV382 can be differentiated from its closest relativesK. kakiacetiandKomagataeibacter saccharivoransby its ability to form 2-keto and 5-keto-D-gluconic acids from glucose, incapability to grow in the presence of 30% glucose, formation of C(19:0)cyclo omega 8c fatty acid and tolerance of up to 5% acetic acid in the presence of ethanol. The strain AV436 can be differentiated from its closest relativesK. xylinus,Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans,andKomagataeibacter nataicolaby its ability to form 5-keto-D-gluconic acid, growth on 1-propanol, efficient synthesis of cellulose, and tolerance to up to 5% acetic acid in the presence ethanol. The major fatty acid of both strains is C-18:1 omega 7c. Based on a combination of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic features, the strains AV382(T)and AV436(T)represent novel species of the genusKomagataeibacter, for which the namesKomagataeibactermelacetisp. nov. andKomagataeibacter melomenususare proposed, respectively. The type strain ofKomagataeibacter melacetiis AV382(T)(= ZIM B1054(T)= LMG 31303(T)= CCM 8958(T)) and ofKomagataeibacter melomenususAV436(T)(= ZIM B1056(T)= LMG 31304(T)= CCM 8959(T))

Linguistics

Contains reports on four research projects.U. S. Air Force (Electronics Systems Division) under Contract AF 19(628)-2487Joint Services Electronics Programs (U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force) under Contract DA 28-043-AMC-02536(E)National Science Foundation (Grant GK-835)National Institutes of Health (Grant 2 PO1 MH-04737-06)National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NsG-496

Equality, value pluralism and relevance: Is luck egalitarianism in one way good, but not all things considered?

Some luck egalitarians argue that justice is just one value among others and is thus not necessarily what we should strive for in order to make the world better. Yet, by focusing on only one dimension of what matters – luck equality – it proves very difficult to draw political implications in cases where several values are in tension. We believe that normative political philosophy must have the ambitionto guide political action. Hence, in this paper we make a negative and a positive point. Negatively, we argue that the inability to offer recommendations on what to strive for potentially weakens Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen’s account of luck egalitarianism. In order not to be irrelevant for political practice, a more serviceable version of luck egalitarianism that would allow for all-things-considered judgments is needed. Positively, we examine two possible routes toward such a view. One would be to stick to pluralism, but to discuss possible clashes and find a rule of regulation in each case. Another would consist in giving up value pluralism by identifying an over-arching value or principle that would arbitrate between different values. We suggest that Lippert-Rasmussen’s foundation of equality carries the potential for such an overarching principle.Political Philosophy and Ethic

Micromechanical contribution for the prediction of the viscoelastic properties of high rate recycled asphalt and influence of the level blending

This research deals with an experimental and micromechanical study of high rate recycled asphalt with 70% of RAP. Rheological measurements of shear complex modulus of virgin, RAP and blended binders were performed at different temperatures and frequencies. Then, a micromechanical model based on the generalized self-consistent scheme (GSCS) was suggested for the prediction of the effective mechanical properties of the recycled asphalt. The GSCS-based approach aims to homogenize the heterogeneous material taking into account the intergranular porosity, on the one hand, and the possible interactions between its phases on the other one. The suggested method was compared to a step-by-step (successive) homogenization approach and literature data in elastic case were used for this purpose. The results have shown that the GSCS-based approach presents a good agreement with the data especially for higher volume fractions of aggregates. Furthermore, the significant influence of the blend homogeneity level on the estimation of the effective mechanical properties of the recycled asphalt was highlighted

A comprehensive investigation into the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid by Limosilactobacillus fermentum NG16, a tuna gut isolate

Abstract Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a four-carbon non-protein amino acid, is widely known to have multiple physiological functions. The present study aimed to investigate the cultivation parameters for GABA production by a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain isolated from a tuna gut sample. Among 60 tuna gut LAB, only 7 Limosilactobacillus fermentum isolates, i.e. NG01, NG12, NG13, NG14, NG16, NG23, and NG27, were capable of GABA fermentation, with NG16 being the most potent GABA producer. The GABA production by isolate NG16 was therefore thoroughly characterised. The optimal batch culture conditions for GABA production were an initial cell density of 5×106 CFU mL−1, a monosodium glutamate concentration of 2, an initial pH of 7, a fermentation temperature of 35 °C, and an incubation time of 96 h. Under this cultivation conditions, NG16 produced a maximum GABA yield of 25.52 ± 0.41 mM