6 research outputs found
Metagenomic Analysis of Respiratory Tract DNA Viral Communities in Cystic Fibrosis and Non-Cystic Fibrosis Individuals
The human respiratory tract is constantly exposed to a wide variety of viruses, microbes and inorganic particulates from environmental air, water and food. Physical characteristics of inhaled particles and airway mucosal immunity determine which viruses and microbes will persist in the airways. Here we present the first metagenomic study of DNA viral communities in the airways of diseased and non-diseased individuals. We obtained sequences from sputum DNA viral communities in 5 individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) and 5 individuals without the disease. Overall, diversity of viruses in the airways was low, with an average richness of 175 distinct viral genotypes. The majority of viral diversity was uncharacterized. CF phage communities were highly similar to each other, whereas Non-CF individuals had more distinct phage communities, which may reflect organisms in inhaled air. CF eukaryotic viral communities were dominated by a few viruses, including human herpesviruses and retroviruses. Functional metagenomics showed that all Non-CF viromes were similar, and that CF viromes were enriched in aromatic amino acid metabolism. The CF metagenomes occupied two different metabolic states, probably reflecting different disease states. There was one outlying CF virome which was characterized by an over-representation of Guanosine-5′-triphosphate,3′-diphosphate pyrophosphatase, an enzyme involved in the bacterial stringent response. Unique environments like the CF airway can drive functional adaptations, leading to shifts in metabolic profiles. These results have important clinical implications for CF, indicating that therapeutic measures may be more effective if used to change the respiratory environment, as opposed to shifting the taxonomic composition of resident microbiota
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ChengMolecularStorageofMgIons.pdf
Mg batteries have potential advantages in terms of safety, cost, and reliability
over existing battery technologies, but their practical implementations are hindered
by the lack of amenable high-voltage cathode materials. The development
of cathode materials is complicated by limited understandings of the unique
divalent Mg²⁺ ion electrochemistry and the interaction/transportation of Mg²⁺
ions with host materials. Here, it is shown that highly dispersed vanadium oxide
(V₂O₅) nanoclusters supported on porous carbon frameworks are able to react
with Mg²⁺ ions reversibly in electrolytes that are compatible with Mg metal, and
exhibit high capacities and good reaction kinetics. They are able to deliver initial
capacities exceeding 300 mAh g⁻¹ at 40 mA g⁻¹ in the voltage window of 0.5 to
2.8 V. The combined electron microscope, spectroscopy, and electrochemistry
characterizations suggest a surface-controlled pseudocapacitive electrochemical
reaction, and may be best described as a molecular energy storage mechanism.
This work can provide a new approach of using the molecular mechanism for
pseudocapacitive storage of Mg²⁺ for Mg batteries cathode materials