When Did It Begin? Catholic and Public School Classroom Commonalities

Catholic educational historians note that although preserving Catholic identity has been a constant in the mission of Catholic schools, their curriculum and instructional practices evolved in ways that were similar to public schools, thus enabling Catholic parents to select schools that were both faith based and modern. Since there is an absence of information about when and how this change in Catholic education began, this article documents its origin in the 1940s when Catholic educators joined a public school reform movement called Life Adjustment Education. Once begun, there was no turning back, and Catholic educators participated in the major reforms of the next two decades, discipline-centered curriculum reform and humanistic education. Two case studies are presented to illustrate what reform-based Catholic schools were like in the 1970s, followed by a brief analysis of Catholic school participation in the contemporary common core state standards movement. Points communs entre les classes des écoles catholiques et des écoles publiques : Une perspective historique Les historiens de l\u27enseignement catholique ont remarqué que si la préservation de leur identité catholique représente un trait constant de la mission des écoles catholiques, leurs programmes et pratiques pédagogiques ont évolué de la même manière que dans les écoles publiques, ce qui permet aux parents catholiques de choisir des écoles à la fois confessionnelles et modernes. Étant donné le manque d\u27information sur le moment et le lieu où ces changements ont commencé dans l\u27enseignement catholique, cet article cite des documents qui situent son origine dans les années 1940, lorsque les enseignants catholiques se sont associés à un mouvement de réforme des écoles publiques appelé enseignement adapté à la vie. Une fois ce mouvement amorcé, aucun retour en arrière n\u27a été possible et les enseignants catholiques ont pris part aux principales réformes des vingt ans suivants : réforme de l\u27enseignement basé sur la discipline et éducation humaniste. L\u27essai qui suit présente deux études de cas illustrant la manière dont se présentaient les écoles catholiques inspirées par la réforme dans les années 1970, suivies d\u27une brève analyse de la participation des écoles catholiques dans le mouvement actuel en faveur du « Common Core State Standards » (Socle de normes communes établies par État). Mots-clés: Identité catholique, mission, enseignement adapté à la vie, réforme de l\u27enseignement Semejanzas en las aulas de las escuelas católicas y públicas: una perspectiva histórica Los historiadores de la educación católica han constatado que a pesar de que la preservación de la identidad católica ha sido una misión constante de las escuelas católicas, su currículo y sus prácticas educativas se han desarrollado de manera muy similar a las de las escuelas públicas, lo que ha permitido que los padres católicos pudieran elegir escuelas que fueran a la vez religiosas y modernas. Debido a la ausencia de información sobre cuándo y cómo empezó este cambio en la educación católica, este artículo documenta su origen en los años 40, momento en que los educadores católicos se unieron al movimiento de reforma educativa llamado educación adaptada a la vida. En cuanto empezó este esfuerzo, no hubo marcha atrás. Los educadores católicos participaron en las profundas reformas de las siguientes dos décadas: reforma del currículo centrado en las disciplinas y educación humanística. El siguiente ensayo presenta dos estudios de caso que ilustran cómo eran las escuelas católicas basadas en la reforma en los años 70, y finalmente expone un breve análisis de la participación de la escuela católica en el movimiento contemporáneo de los estándares estatales comunes. Palabras clave: Identidad católica, misión, educación adaptada a la vida, reforma educativ

STARE: Spatio-Temporal Attention Relocation for multiple structured activities detection

We present a spatio-temporal attention relocation (STARE) method, an information-theoretic approach for efficient detection of simultaneously occurring structured activities. Given multiple human activities in a scene, our method dynamically focuses on the currently most informative activity. Each activity can be detected without complete observation, as the structure of sequential actions plays an important role on making the system robust to unattended observations. For such systems, the ability to decide where and when to focus is crucial to achieving high detection performances under resource bounded condition. Our main contributions can be summarized as follows: 1) information-theoretic dynamic attention relocation framework that allows the detection of multiple activities efficiently by exploiting the activity structure information and 2) a new high-resolution data set of temporally-structured concurrent activities. Our experiments on applications show that the STARE method performs efficiently while maintaining a reasonable level of accuracy

Ion-Optics Calculations and Preliminary Precision Estimates of the Gas-Capable Ion Source for the 1-MV LLNL BioAMS Spectrometer

Ion-optics calculations were performed for a new ion source and injection beam line. This source, which can accept both solid and gaseous targets, will be installed onto the 1-MV BioAMS spectrometer at the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and will augment the current LLNL cesium-sputter solid sample ion source. The ion source and its associated injection beam line were designed to allow direct quantification of {sup 14}C/{sup 12}C and {sup 3}H/{sup 1}H isotope ratios from both solid and gaseous targets without the need for isotope switching. Once installed, this source will enable the direct linking of a nanoflow LC system to the spectrometer to provide for high-throughput LC-AMS quantitation from a continuous flow. Calculations show that, for small samples, the sensitivity of the gas-accepting ion source could be precision limited but zeptomole quantitation should be feasible

Single sample extraction and HPLC processing for quantification of NAD and NADH levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A robust redox extraction protocol for quantitative and reproducible metabolite isolation and recovery has been developed for simultaneous measurement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its reduced form, NADH, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Following culture in liquid media, approximately 10{sup 8} yeast cells were harvested by centrifugation and then lysed under non-oxidizing conditions by bead blasting in ice-cold, nitrogen-saturated 50-mM ammonium acetate. To enable protein denaturation, ice cold nitrogen-saturated CH{sub 3}CN + 50-mM ammonium acetate (3:1; v:v) was added to the cell lysates. After sample centrifugation to pellet precipitated proteins, organic solvent removal was performed on supernatants by chloroform extraction. The remaining aqueous phase was dried and resuspended in 50-mM ammonium acetate. NAD and NADH were separated by HPLC and quantified using UV-VIS absorbance detection. Applicability of this procedure for quantifying NAD and NADH levels was evaluated by culturing yeast under normal (2% glucose) and calorie restricted (0.5% glucose) conditions. NAD and NADH contents are similar to previously reported levels in yeast obtained using enzymatic assays performed separately on acid (for NAD) and alkali (for NADH) extracts. Results demonstrate that it is possible to perform a single preparation to reliably and robustly quantitate both NAD and NADH contents in the same sample. Robustness of the protocol suggests it will be (1) applicable to quantification of these metabolites in mammalian and bacterial cell cultures; and (2) amenable to isotope labeling strategies to determine the relative contribution of specific metabolic pathways to total NAD and NADH levels in cell cultures

Editorial

The Tenth International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS-10) was held from September 5-10 at the University of California, Berkeley campus. The conference attracted 305 attendees from 26 countries who gave 144 platform presentations and presented a total of 170 posters. The conference opened with a special tribute to the late Roy Middleton, which was followed by a companion session on 'ion sourcery'. A plenary talk by Wally Broecker on his '53 years in the Radiocarbon Trenches', provided thought-provoking challenges to commonly accepted paradigms. A workshop on issues in the estimation of isotopic ratios and evaluations of activities from AMS measurements preceded the conference and a workshop on AMS in low-dose bioscience concluded it. Conference attendees had ample opportunity to sample local sights and mid-week excursions to the Napa Valley wine region and the Monterey Bay Aquarium were well attended. The social highlight of the conference was a dinner cruise on San Francisco Bay aboard the San Francisco Belle, which toured the bay on a clear evening and afforded spectacular views of the city front as well as the Bay and Golden Gate bridges. The proceedings of AMS-10 contain 140 peer-reviewed papers that detail recent developments in AMS technology and a broad range of scientific applications. The editors worked to ensure that these contributions represent original research that has not been published elsewhere. We are grateful to the many outside reviewers who provided thoughtful consideration and suggestions in their reviews of these manuscripts. The staff of the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory wishes to thank the many members of the international AMS community in allowing us to organize this conference. We are particularly grateful to the University of California's Toxic Substances Research Program, which provided key assistance with conference administration

Biological/Biomedical Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Targets. 1. Optimizing the CO2 Reduction Step Using Zinc Dust

Biological and biomedical applications of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) use isotope ratio mass spectrometry to quantify minute amounts of long-lived radioisotopes such as 14C. AMS target preparation involves first the oxidation of carbon (in sample of interest) to CO2 and second the reduction of CO2 to filamentous, fluffy, fuzzy, or firm graphite-like substances that coat a −400-mesh spherical iron powder (−400MSIP) catalyst. Until now, the quality of AMS targets has been variable; consequently, they often failed to produce robust ion currents that are required for reliable, accurate, precise, and high-throughput AMS for biological/biomedical applications. Therefore, we described our optimized method for reduction of CO2 to high-quality uniform AMS targets whose morphology we visualized using scanning electron microscope pictures. Key features of our optimized method were to reduce CO2 (from a sample of interest that provided 1 mg of C) using 100 ± 1.3 mg of Zn dust, 5 ± 0.4 mg of −400MSIP, and a reduction temperature of 500 °C for 3 h. The thermodynamics of our optimized method were more favorable for production of graphite-coated iron powders (GCIP) than those of previous methods. All AMS targets from our optimized method were of 100% GCIP, the graphitization yield exceeded 90%, and δ13C was −17.9 ± 0.3‰. The GCIP reliably produced strong 12C− currents and accurate and precise Fm values. The observed Fm value for oxalic acid II NIST SRM deviated from its accepted Fm value of 1.3407 by only 0.0003 ± 0.0027 (mean ± SE, n = 32), limit of detection of 14C was 0.04 amol, and limit of quantification was 0.07 amol, and a skilled analyst can prepare as many as 270 AMS targets per day. More information on the physical (hardness/color), morphological (SEMs), and structural (FT-IR, Raman, XRD spectra) characteristics of our AMS targets that determine accurate, precise, and high-hroughput AMS measurement are in the companion paper