Readability of Dutch online patient-directed health information on breast reconstruction

Background The Netherlands and Belgium are among the top five worldwide of highest incidence in breast cancer, leading to an increase in post-mastectomy reconstruction interest. This study aims to analyze readability of Dutch-written online patient-directed information on breast reconstruction. Methods An online patient query for the term borstreconstructie was simulated using the largest search engine, Google. Content from the 10 most popular web sites from the Netherlands and Belgium was collected and formatted into plain text. Readability level assessment was performed using four available tools for the Dutch language: Accesibility.nl, Klinkende Taal, Texamen, and WizeNote, which measure readability according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). Results Of the 20 websites (10 Dutch and Belgian), breast reconstruction content was mainly written in B2/C1 and exceeded the recommended B1 level. The readability tool "Klinkende Taal" was found to have the lowest average CEFR level at B2 (average 4.01, 2.40-5.00), WizeNote (average 4.57, 3.00-5.00), and Accesibility.nl (average 4.58, 3.40-5.50). Both had a CEFR level B2/C1, while Texamen scored the highest average at C1 (average 4.77, 3.60-5.25). Kiesbeter.nl, a Dutch government web site, was found to comply with the recommended B1 level on their breast reconstruction information. Conclusions Readability of online health information on breast reconstruction was generally found to be too advanced for the lay population. Therefore, it may hold benefit for patient-directed health information to be analyzed and revised in order to tailor the information to the targeted population

Kondo effect and anti-ferromagnetic correlation in transport through tunneling-coupled double quantum dots

We propose to study the transport through tunneling-coupled double quantum dots (DQDs) connected in series to leads, using the finite-$U$ slave-boson mean field approach developed initially by Kotliar and Ruckenstein [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 57}, 1362 (1986)]. This approach treats the dot-lead coupling and the inter-dot tunnelling $t$ nonperturbatively at arbitrary Coulomb correlation $U$, thus allows the anti-ferromagnetic exchange coupling parameter $J=4t^2/U$ to appear naturally. We find that, with increasing the inter-dot hopping, the DQDs manifest three distinct physical scenarios: the Kondo singlet state of each dot with its adjacent lead, the spin singlet state consisting of local spins on each dot and the doubly occupied bonding orbital of the coupled dots. The three states exhibit remarkably distinct behavior in transmission spectrum, linear and differential conductance and their magnetic-field dependence. Theoretical predictions agree with numerical renormalization group and Lanczos calculations, and some of them have been observed in recent experiments.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures. Physics Review B (Rapid Communication) (in press

The Functional Anatomy and Innervation of the Platysma is Segmental:Implications for Lower Lip Dysfunction, Recurrent Platysmal Bands, and Surgical Rejuvenation

BACKGROUND: Despite the central role of the platysma in face and neck rejuvenation, much confusion exists regarding its surgical anatomy.OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to clarify the regional anatomy of the platysma and its innervation pattern and to explain clinical phenomena, such as the origin of platysmal bands and their recurrence, and the etiology of lower lip dysfunction after neck lift procedures.METHODS: Fifty-five cadaver heads were studied (16 embalmed, 39 fresh, mean age 75 years). Following preliminary dissections and macro-sectioning, a series of standardized layered dissections were performed, complemented by histology and sheet plastination.RESULTS: In addition to its origin and insertion, the platysma is attached to the skin and deep fascia across its entire superficial and deep surfaces. This composite system explains the age-related formation of static platysmal bands, recurrent platysma bands after complete platysma transection, and recurrent anterior neck laxity after no-release lifting. The facial part of the platysma is primarily innervated by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve, while the submandibular platysma is innervated by the "first" cervical branches which terminate at the mandibular origin of the depressor labii inferioris. This pattern has implications for post-operative dysfunction of the lower lip, including pseudo-paralysis, and potential targeted surgical denervation.CONCLUSIONS: This anatomical study, using layered dissections, large histology, and sheet-plastination, fully describes the anatomy of the platysma including its bony, fascial, and dermal attachments, as well as its segmental innervation including its nerve danger zones. It provides a sound anatomical basis for the further development of surgical techniques to rejuvenate the neck with prevention of recurrent platysmal banding.</p

The rms-flux relations in different branches in Cyg X-2

In this paper, the rms-flux (root mean square-flux) relation along the Z-track of the bright Z-Source Cyg X-2 is analyzed using the observational data of Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). Three types of rms-flux relations, i.e. positive, negative, and 'arch'-like correlations are found in different branches. The rms is positively correlated with flux in normal branch (NB), but anti-correlated in the vertical horizontal branch (VHB). The rms-flux relation shows an 'arch'-like shape in the horizontal branch (HB). We also try to explain this phenomenon using existing models.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astrophysics & Space Scienc

The Functional Anatomy and Innervation of the Platysma is Segmental:Implications for Lower Lip Dysfunction, Recurrent Platysmal Bands, and Surgical Rejuvenation

BACKGROUND: Despite the central role of the platysma in face and neck rejuvenation, much confusion exists regarding its surgical anatomy.OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to clarify the regional anatomy of the platysma and its innervation pattern and to explain clinical phenomena, such as the origin of platysmal bands and their recurrence, and the etiology of lower lip dysfunction after neck lift procedures.METHODS: Fifty-five cadaver heads were studied (16 embalmed, 39 fresh, mean age 75 years). Following preliminary dissections and macro-sectioning, a series of standardized layered dissections were performed, complemented by histology and sheet plastination.RESULTS: In addition to its origin and insertion, the platysma is attached to the skin and deep fascia across its entire superficial and deep surfaces. This composite system explains the age-related formation of static platysmal bands, recurrent platysma bands after complete platysma transection, and recurrent anterior neck laxity after no-release lifting. The facial part of the platysma is primarily innervated by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve, while the submandibular platysma is innervated by the "first" cervical branches which terminate at the mandibular origin of the depressor labii inferioris. This pattern has implications for post-operative dysfunction of the lower lip, including pseudo-paralysis, and potential targeted surgical denervation.CONCLUSIONS: This anatomical study, using layered dissections, large histology, and sheet-plastination, fully describes the anatomy of the platysma including its bony, fascial, and dermal attachments, as well as its segmental innervation including its nerve danger zones. It provides a sound anatomical basis for the further development of surgical techniques to rejuvenate the neck with prevention of recurrent platysmal banding.</p