Burden sharing in NATO

During the period of cold war, NATO alliance was producing defence commodity to protect its members from the common threat of ex-Soviet Union. The paper examines the problem of burden sharing among NATO allies. It is shown that larger countries are benefited more than smaller countries from the production of the public good i.e defence, if the income elasticity of marginal utility of income is greater than one in absolute value. Complete demand systems are employed for estimating the income elasticity of marginal utility of income.peer-reviewe

ERP systems introduction and internal auditing legitimacy: An institutional analysis

In this paper, the authors examine how the internal audit function (IAF) maintains its legitimacy when enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are introduced. This work centers on an in-depth case study of a multinational bank and finds that ERP systems impose an institutional logic of control based on interlinked assumptions. These assumptions motivate changes in the practice and structure of the IAF to become an integrated and comprehensive function to maintain its legitimacy

Symmetries in classical and quantum treatment of Einstein's cosmological equations and mini-superspace actions

The use of automorphisms of the various Bianchi-type Lie algebras as Lie-point symmetries of the corresponding Einstein field equations entails a reduction of their order and ultimately leads to the entire solution space. When a valid reduced action principle exists, the symmetries of the configuration mini-supermetric space can also be used, in conjunction with the constraints, to provide local or non-local constants of motion. At the classical level, depending on their number, these integrals can even secure the acquisition of the entire solution space without any further solving of the dynamical equations. At the quantum level, their operator analogues can be used, along with the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, to define unique wave functions that exhibit singularity-free behavior at a semi-classical level. © 2019 by the authors

Discrete spectrum of the quantum Reissner-Nordström geometry

We start from a static, spherically symmetric space-time in the presence of an electrostatic field and construct the mini-superspace Lagrangian that reproduces the well known Reissner-Nordström solution. We identify the classical integrals of motion that are to be mapped to quantum observables and which are associated with the mass and charge. Their eigenvalue equations are used as supplementary conditions to the Wheeler-DeWitt equation and a link is provided between the existence of an horizon and to whether the spectrum of the observables is fully discrete or not. For each case we provide an orthonormal basis of states as emerges through the process of canonical quantization. © 2017 American Physical Society