In vivo adhesive interface between resin and dentin.

V-shaped cervical cavities prepared in monkey teeth were restored with several dentin bonding systems, and the in vivo resin-dentin interfacial structures were observed under the scanning electron microscope using an argon-ion etching technique. The hybrid layer could be clearly observed; its depth was dependent on the conditioner/primer used and tended to be thinner at the deep part of the cavity. Resin tags were also clearly observed, and their structure at the inner part was noted to be rougher than that closer to the tubule orifices. When 37% phosphoric acid gel was used, the tags in the deeper parts of the cavity were much rougher. Hemispherical and spherical roughened structures were observed directly above the tubule orifices, which were thought to be a mixture of dentinal fluid and bonding resin that had flowed out from the tubules. The acidic primer containing maleic acid and HEMA could not remove the smear plugs, and undissolved smear particles were observed in the tubules.link_to_subscribed_fulltex

Gender-Based Determinants of Obesity among Thai Adolescent Boys and Girls

Understanding the determinants that influence obesity among children and adolescents is critical to the prevention of obesity and obesity-related diseases later in life. The findings presented here broaden the understanding of obesity-related challenges by adding analyses that compare nutritional indicators among boys and girls between the ages of 11 and 16 years, by exploring the more recent literature to examine if past trends have continued or not, and by synthesizing the recent findings concerning the causes and determinants of such trends in obesity. Both data from 2005 and the more recent literature review have shown that the consumption of high calorie foods and snacks, greater screen time, body image, and depressive factors play a significant role regarding obesity during adolescence in Thailand. There continues to be a trend of increasing obesity among adolescents in Thailand, and this may be more of a concern in boys. Interviews with health professionals and parents from the 2005 study suggested that girls were more aware of their physical appearance, and there was more societal acceptance to be obese as a boy in Thailand compared to girls. These findings can inform nutritional education practices and policies