Improvements in the phosphoramidite procedure for the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides.

The paper describes an improved method for the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides using phosphoramidite chemistry. Our procedure relies on novel phosphoramidite intermediates, the deoxyribonucleoside-3'-morpholine-methoxyphosphins. These compounds are extremely stable and can be purified readily. Condensation reactions during solid-phase synthesis can thus be performed with high efficiency and result in a high yield synthesis of long chain oligodeoxyribonucleotides

Development of sustainable business models for insect-fed poultry production: opportunities and risks

During the last decade the potential of insects for human nutritional protein is increasingly recognised. Direct consumption of insects contributes to a reduction of the ecological footprint of human food production and is claimed to have health benefits. An alternative is feeding poultry (broilers and layers) with insect-derived protein. This offers several additional advantages, e.g. a more extensive use of (new sources) of organic by-products of food industry for insect production. Implementation of a People-Planet-Profit (PPP) sustainable way of utilising these opportunities requires the development of sustainable business models. Such business models need to be based on the opportunities of insect-derived protein in feeding poultry but should also include the risks associated with insect-derived protein for feeding poultry. This article explores the insect-fed poultry production value chain through an interdisciplinary approach. First, the essential features of this value chain are described. Then, an inventory and classification is made of the main opportunities and risks of this value chain. Finally, the opportunity-risk trade-offs are discussed, as well as their implications for developing sustainable business models. We conclude that for PPP-sustainable business models, management of the asymmetric trade-offs between opportunities and risks related to possible contamination of organic by-products used as substrate for insect production should receive prime attention. Implications for organising the value chain are discussed