The Linguistic Perspectives onComputer Mediated Communication

This paper aims to explore the role of production and perception constraints in computer mediated communication. I review Lindblom's (1990) theory of phonetic variation and propose a new model of linguistic production in Computer Mediated Communication. Cyber citizens use cyber communication as conceptually oral, medially written. The reason to use chat-mode is that it saves time and space (the principle of least effort); here sound, not spelling, is the first thing to be considered. With respect to production in the proposed model, effort is no longer equated with articulatory movement, but rather with the number of keystrokes involved in typing an utterance. On discussing online, discussants show paralinguistic actions such as smile, frown, screaming, etc., and they also reduplicate writings, capitalize all the sentences, and use emoticons; net-communication is headed toward less grammatical and more telegraphic type. The production of hyper-and hypo-forms such as reduplication, punctuation and capitalization will vary according to the sender's estimation of signal-complementary processes and his attempts to compensate for the restricted context.We discuss online and off line on the issues; why we like cyber communication and how we classify the phenomena. The more computer mediated communications we use, the moreissues we have to review beyond words and linguistic principles

Effect of Tillage and Herbicide Treatments on Redvine (Brunnichia ovata) Subterranean Morphology

Redvine Brunnichia ovata (Walt.) Shinners is a perennial weed that reproduces from seed, rootstock, and rhizomes. Redvine infested areas that were exposed to different tillage practices, slicing techniques, and herbicide treatments were selected to excavate in order to observe rhizome and root morphology. When comparing tillage systems, deep tillage appeared to delay rhizome development following cultivation, but a characteristic branching occurred over time. Shallow cultivation (2.5 to 7.5m) concentrated rhizomes immediately below the depth of tillage; whereas, no-till areas concentrated rhizomes near the soil surface. Slicing the underground parts of redvine will not kill rhizomes if they are still attached to a live portion of the taproot. The same holds true for freezing and drying. Dicamba and glyphosate reduced the density of redvine rhizomes, but neither provided control of the entire underground plant structure. Nomenclature: dicamba, 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid; glyphosate, N- (phosphonomethyl) glycine; redvine, (Brunnichia ovata (Walt.) Shinners) # BRVCI. Additional index words: Differential infestation, sensor applicator, dicamba, glyphosate, Glycine max

Effect of Tillage and Herbicide Treatments on Redvine (Brunnichia ovata) Subterranean Morphology

Redvine Brunnichia ovata (Walt.) Shinners is a perennial weed that reproduces from seed, rootstock, and rhizomes. Redvine infested areas that were exposed to different tillage practices, slicing techniques, and herbicide treatments were selected to excavate in order to observe rhizome and root morphology. When comparing tillage systems, deep tillage appeared to delay rhizome development following cultivation, but a characteristic branching occurred over time. Shallow cultivation (2.5 to 7.5m) concentrated rhizomes immediately below the depth of tillage; whereas, no-till areas concentrated rhizomes near the soil surface. Slicing the underground parts of redvine will not kill rhizomes if they are still attached to a live portion of the taproot. The same holds true for freezing and drying. Dicamba and glyphosate reduced the density of redvine rhizomes, but neither provided control of the entire underground plant structure. Nomenclature: dicamba, 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid; glyphosate, N- (phosphonomethyl) glycine; redvine, (Brunnichia ovata (Walt.) Shinners) # BRVCI. Additional index words: Differential infestation, sensor applicator, dicamba, glyphosate, Glycine max

A large West Antarctic Ice Sheet explains early Neogene sea-level amplitude

Early to Middle Miocene sea-level oscillations of approximately 40-60 m estimated from far-field records1-3 are interpreted to reflect the loss of virtually all East Antarctic ice during peak warmth2. This contrasts with ice-sheet model experiments suggesting most terrestrial ice in East Antarctica was retained even during the warmest intervals of the Middle Miocene4,5. Data and model outputs can be reconciled if a large West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) existed and expanded across most of the outer continental shelf during the Early Miocene, accounting for maximum ice-sheet volumes. Here we provide the earliest geological evidence proving large WAIS expansions occurred during the Early Miocene (~17.72-17.40 Ma). Geochemical and petrographic data show glacimarine sediments recovered at International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1521 in the central Ross Sea derive from West Antarctica, requiring the presence of a WAIS covering most of the Ross Sea continental shelf. Seismic, lithological and palynological data reveal the intermittent proximity of grounded ice to Site U1521. The erosion rate calculated from this sediment package greatly exceeds the long-term mean, implying rapid erosion of West Antarctica. This interval therefore captures a key step in the genesis of a marine-based WAIS and a tipping point in Antarctic ice-sheet evolution

Initial results from geophysical surveys and shallow coring of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS)

The Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS) is the sole interior Greenlandic ice stream. Fast flow initiates near the summit dome, and the ice stream terminates approximately 1000 km downstream in three large outlet glaciers that calve into the Greenland Sea. To better understand this important system, in the summer of 2012 we drilled a 67 m firn core and conducted ground-based radio-echo sounding (RES) and active-source seismic surveys at a site approximately 150 km downstream from the onset of streaming flow (NEGIS firn core, 75°37.61' N, 35°56.49' W). The site is representative of the upper part of the ice stream, while also being in a crevasse-free area for safe surface operations. Annual cycles were observed for insoluble dust, sodium and ammonium concentrations and for electrolytic conductivity, allowing a seasonally resolved chronology covering the past 400 yr. Annual layer thicknesses averaged 0.11 m ice equivalent (i.e.) for the period 1607–2011, although accumulation varied between 0.08 and 0.14 m i.e., likely due to flow-related changes in surface topography. Tracing of RES layers from the NGRIP (North Greenland Ice Core Project) ice core site shows that the ice at NEGIS preserves a climatic record of at least the past 51 kyr. We demonstrate that deep ice core drilling in this location can provide a reliable Holocene and late-glacial climate record, as well as helping to constrain the past dynamics and ice–lithosphere interactions of the Greenland Ice Sheet

Legumes require sulfur to fix nitrogen

Last updated: 5/16/201

Legumes require sulfur to fix nitrogen

Last updated: 5/16/201

Coastal bermudagrass responds to potassium

Last updated: 5/16/201