Bacterial contamination in blood and blood products [Kan ve kan ürünlerinde bakteriyel kontaminasyon]

PubMed ID: 15900840Skin disinfection during phlebotomy is a critical step for bacterial contamination of blood and blood products. The aim of this study was to investigate the bacterial contamination rates during phlebotomy and to defect the probable microorganisms present. Skin disinfections of 100 blood donors were performed by using povidone iodine solution with standard procedure. Fifteen mililiters of blood samples were drawn from the transfusion set and inoculated into culture flasks of automated Bact/ Alert (BioMerieux) system. Blood cultures were monitorized for one week, and bacteria in positive cultures were identified by using classical microbiological methods in addition with API identification system (BioMerieux; ID32 Staph, 20 Strep). As a result, bacterial growth was detected in four (4%) of the blood samples, whereas 96% of the samples were found sterile. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the microorganism which had been grown in three of the samples, and Streptococcus mutans in one. The positivity rate detected in our study was considered high, since expected bacterial contamination rates in blood transfusions were between 0.2-0.5%. This data indicated that the procedures used in phlebotomy such as the choice of phlebotomy region, disinfectant use and disinfection time should be re-evaluated in our blood centre

1996-1998 yılları yaz dönemindeki ishalli olgularda Salmonella ve Shigella prevalansı ve antimikrobik duyarlılıkları

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella in cases of diarrhea and also the drgs(s) of choice for empiric therapy. In the examination of feces sample of a hundred seventeen patients with diarrhea complaint, leucocyte and erythrocyte in 57 (48.7%), leucocyte in 34 (29%) and erythrocyte in 2 (1.7%) were seen in the 1996-1998 period. In the stool culture 10% Shigella species and 6.8% Salmonella serotypes were isolated. Resistance to ampicillin, amoxacillin-clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol, TMP-SMX, gentamycin and cephtriaxon were seen as 58%, 50%, 33%, 58%, 25% and 8% for Shigella species and 75%, 50%, 37.5%, 12.5%, 12.5% for Salmonella serotypes, respectively. Quinolon resistance was not found. In conclusion, quinolons can be safely used ampirically when antimicrobial therapy is needed for diarrheal diseases.1996-1998 yılları arasında ishal yakınması ile başvuran 117 olgunun dışkı direkt mikroskopik bakısında 57 (%48.7) olguda lökosit ve eritrosit, 34 (%29) olguda lökosit ve 2 (% 1.7) olguda eritrosit görülmüştür. Dışkı kültürlerinde 12 (%10) olguda Shigella spp, sekiz (%6.8) olguda ise Salmonella serotipleri üremiştir. Shigella türlerinde ampisilin, amoksasilin klavulanik asit, kloramfenikol, TMP-SMX, gentamisin ve seftriaksona karşı direnç sırasıyla %58, %50, %33, %58, %25, %8 iken bu değerler Salmonella serotiplerinde %75, %50, %37.5, %12.5, %12.5 olarak bulunmuştur. Ofloksasine karşı direnç saptanmamıştır. Sonuç olarak, kinolonların antimikrobiyal tedavinin gerektiği ishallerde ampirik olarak güvenle kullanılabileceği kanısına varılmıştır

Investigation of the antimicrobial susceptibility profile, virulence genes, and epidemiologic relationship of clinical Salmonella isolates [Klinik Salmonella izolatlarında antimikrobiyal duyarlılık profilinin, virülans genlerinin ve klonal ilişkinin araştırılması]

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to investigate the epidemiologic relationship, prevalence of the beta-lactamase and virulence genes of clinical ampicillin-resistant Salmonella enterica. Materials and Methods: In vitro ampicillin susceptibilities of 117 Salmonella enterica isolates obtained between 2011-2012 from Ege University Hospital, Bacteriology Laboratory of Medical Microbiology Department were examined using disc diffusion assays in accordance with the CLSI guidelines. The MIC levels in the ampicillin-resistant bacteria were determined using the broth microdilution method. The resistant strains were serotyped by the Public Health Institution. Epidemiologic relations of resistant strains were evaluated using ERIC-PCR. The presence of beta-lactamase genes and virulence factors were detected using PCR. Results: The 117 S. enterica strains had ten isolates that were resistant to ampicillin, and the MIC range of ampicillin was found as 512-128 µg/mL. Ampicillin-resistant strains were susceptible to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Four different serotypes were identified and isolates were grouped into seven clusters. Five isolates carried blaTEM, and two carried the blaCTX-M gene. However, it was determined that blaSHV and blaPER genes did not exist in these strains. Virulence genes invA, pipD, and sopB were found in all isolates. sifA, pefA, and sopE genes were found in seven, four, and three isolates, respectively. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the rate of ampicillin resistance in S. enterica isolates was 8.5% in the two year period, but this ratio was generally lower than rates abroad. blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes could be responsible for ampicillin resistance. The blaSHV gene, which is highly prevalent in our country, was not found in any strains. sopB and pipD genes, which might be associated with beta-lactam resistance, were found in all strains. It is also noteworthy that the three isolates containing the sopE gene, which is associated with epidemic cases, were of the same serotypes and epidemiologic clusters. © Turk J Pharm Sci, Published by Galenos Publishing House

Comamonas testosteroni meningitis in a patient with recurrent cholesteatoma

PubMed ID: 12780521Comamonas testosteroni, a lesser-known member of the genus, has shown little apparent capacity for causing infections in humans. We here present a case of purulent meningitis due to C. testosteroni, which occurred in a patient who had recurrent cholesteatoma. Ceftriaxone treatment was not effective in this patient even though in vitro the bacteria were susceptible to the drug. The patient responded well to meropenem therapy

Effects of H2 receptor blocking agents on bacterial translocation in burn injury

PubMed ID: 9402485We experimentally studied the effects of H2 receptor blockers (ranitidine) on bacterial translocation (BT) in 42 male albino rats. Sham group (Group I, n = 12 rats) were exposed to 21°C water while Burn group (Group II, n = 15 rats) and Ranitidine group (Group III, n = 15 rats) were exposed to 95°C hot water for 10 seconds to produce a full thickness burn in 30 % of total body surface area. 300 mg/kg ranitidine was administered to Group III starting immediately after the burn injury. Rats were sacrificed on the fifth postburn day. Sham group gained weight while groups II and III had significant weight loss. Gastric pH increased with the administration of ranitidine. Both gram negative and total number of bacteria were found to be reduced in cecal stool cultures in ranitidine group. Significant increase in BT was observed in Group III, and translocating bacteria were found to be different in burn and ranitidine groups with a final conclusion that administration of ranitidine changes intestinal ecological equilibrium and promotes BT