13 research outputs found
Replacement of rapeseed meal by soybean meal protein in broilers ration
Realizou-se, no Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de SuÃnos e Aves - CNPSA, da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - EMBRAPA, municÃpio de Concórdia, SC, no perÃodo de novembro a dezembro de 1981, um experimento utilizando o farelo de colza como fonte protéica em ração para frangos de corte, nos nÃveis de 0, 10, 20 e 30%, em substituição à proteÃna do farelo de soja. Foram utilizados 736 pintos da linhagem Pilch, de ambos os sexos, do nascimento a 56 dias de idade, utilizando um delineamento experimental, em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições, tendo, cada um, 46 aves (23 machos e 23 fêmeas). Não houve diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos para ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar nos diferentes perÃodos. Conclui-se que a proteÃna do farelo de colza pode substituir até 30% a do farelo de soja, sem que haja prejuÃzo no desempenho dos frangos de corte, uma vez que as rações experimentais eram isocalóricas e isoprotéicas.A randomized block design, with four treatments and four replications was used to study the rapeseed meal as a source of protein in broilers rations at the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de SuÃnos e Aves - CNPSA-EMBRAPA - at Concórdia, SC, Brazil, from November/December 1981. The treatments consisted of replacement of 0, 10, 20 and 30% of the soybean meal protein by rapeseed meal. Each replication was formed by 46 broilers (23 males and 23 females), totalizing 736 Pilch broilers. There were no significative differences (P>0.05) among experimental rations for daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion. It was concluded that the rapeseed meal can replace up to 30% of soybean meal protein without any damage in performance of the broilers, since the rations were isocaloric and isoproteic
CaracterÃsticas de produção e de composição corporal de frangos em relação ao peso de peito avaliada por análise de trilha
O peso do peito possui grande importância econômica na indústria de frangos, podendo estar associado a outras variáveis passÃveis de seleção. Estimaram-se correlações fenotÃpicas entre caracterÃsticas de desempenho (peso vivo aos 7, 28 dias e ao abate e profundidade de músculo peitoral por ultra-sonografia), carcaça (peso eviscerado e de pernas) e composição corporal (peso do coração, do fÃgado e da gordura abdominal), em uma linhagem de frangos, e quantificou-se a influência direta e indireta destas variáveis sobre o peso do peito. Para tanto, utilizou-se a análise de trilha, desdobrando-se a matriz de correlações parciais em coeficientes que forneceram a influência direta de uma variável sobre a outra, independentemente das demais. A manutenção das variáveis peso vivo ao abate e peso eviscerado na matriz de correlações pode ser prejudicial à análise estatÃstica que envolve os sistemas de equações normais, como a análise de trilha, devido à multicolinearidade observada. O peso vivo ao abate e a profundidade do músculo peitoral por ultra-sonografia apresentaram efeitos diretos importantes sobre o peso de peito e foram identificadas como as principais responsáveis pela magnitude dos coeficientes de correlação obtidos. Assim, uma pré-seleção individual para estas caracterÃsticas pode favorecer um aumento no peso de peito nesta linhagem, se mantidas as condições ambientais de criação dos frangos, uma vez que o peso vivo ao abate e a profundidade de músculo peitoral por ultra-sonografia afetam fenotipicamente e diretamente o peso de peito.Breast weight has great economic importance in poultry industry, and may be associated with other variables. This work aimed to estimate phenotypic correlations between performance (live body weight at 7 and 28 days, and at slaughter, and depth of the breast muscle measured by ultrasonography), carcass (eviscerated body weight and leg weight) and body composition (heart, liver and abdominal fat weight) traits in a broiler line, and quantify the direct and indirect influence of these traits on breast weight. Path analysis was used by expanding the matrix of partial correlation in coefficients which give the direct influence of one trait on another, regardless the effect of the other traits. The simultaneous maintenance of live body weight at slaughter and eviscerated body weight in the matrix of correlations might be harmful for statistical analysis involving systems of normal equations, like path analysis, due to the observed multicollinearity. The live body weight at slaughter and the depth of the breast muscle as measured by ultrasonography directly affected breast weight and were identified as the most responsible factors for the magnitude of the correlation coefficients obtained between the studied traits and breast weight. Individual pre-selection for these traits could favor an increased breast weight in the future reproducer candidates of this line if the broilers' environmental conditions and housing are maintained, since the live body weight at slaughter and the depth of breast muscle measured by ultrasonography were directly related to breast weight
Growth patterns in broilers
Regressões polinomiais e não-lineares (Gompertz, Richards, LogÃstica e Bertalanffy) foram ajustadas a dados peso e idade de frangos e frangas, do nascimento aos 68 dias. O experimento foi realizado em Concórdia, SC, entre agosto e outubro de 1981. As rações ministradas ad libitum, eram isocalóricas e isoprotóicas; no perÃodo inicial (1 a 28 dias), continham 2.970 kcal/kg de energia metabolizável (EM) e 22,8% de proteÃna bruta (PB) e, na fase final (29 a 68 dias), 3.050 kcal/kg de EM e 19,8% de PB. Os modelos Gompertz, LogÃstico e Bertalanffy, apresentaram valores mais altos para os coeficientes de determinação corrigidos (R2), superiores a 0,98, e médias de erros de predição (EP) em valor absoluto, estatisticamente inferiores (P<0,05). A regressão cúbica apresentou, igualmente, valor alto para R2 ; porém para frangos, o valor absoluto de EP foi maior (P<0,05), que os três últimos modelos. A função linear, seguida da Richards e quadrática, apresentaram estimativas inadequadas do peso observado em todo o perÃodo estudado. As funções Gompertz e LogÃstica apresentaram estimativas adequadas ao peso e idade à inflexão e da taxa de ganho diário. A LogÃstica apresentou uma taxa de maturidade superior 30% à Gompertz, e a Bertalanffy superestimou o peso à maturidade.Polynomial regressions and nonlinear (Gompertz, Richards, Logistic and Bertalanffy) were fitted to age-weight data of male and female broilers from birth to 68 days. The experiment was carried out in Concórdia, SC, Brazil, from August to October 1981. The rations, supplied ad libitum, were isocaloric and isoproteic containing 2,970 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy (ME) and 22.8% of crude protein (CP) in the initial phase (first to 28th days) and 3,050 kcal/kg of EM and 19.8% CP in the final phase (29 to 68 days). The Gompertz, Logistic and Bertalanffy models showed the best corrected coefficient of determination (R2), over 0.98, and mean prediction errors (PE) were lower statistycally (P<0.05), in absolute value. The cubic regression provided also a high R-2, however, for male broilers the absolute value of PE was higher than the last three regressions (P<0.05). The linear followed by Richards and quadratic functions, provided poor estimates of observed weight in all studied periods. The Logistic and Gompertz functions provided adequate estimates of weigh and age at inflection point and daily gain rate. The Logistic function showed a 30% greater maturing rate than Gompertz, and the Bertalanffy over estimated the weight at maturity
Sensitivity to halothane and its relationship to the development of PSE (Pale, Soft, Exudative) meat in female lineage broilers
This work aimed to evaluate female lineage broilers for halothane sensitivity and for their susceptibility to the subsequent development of PSE meat. The halothane test was carried out in an anesthetic chamber with 3.0% halothane. The unconscious birds were examined for leg muscle rigidity. If one or both legs became extended and rigid, the birds were classified as halothane sensitive (HAL+), while unresponsive birds were classified as halothane negative (HAL-). The results showed that of 298 birds aged 42 days old, 95.6% were HAL- and 4.4% were HAL+. A sample of pectoralis major muscle was collected from HAL- (n=105) and HAL+ (n=13) birds. The pH and breast fillet color were determined at 4ºC, 24 hours post-mortem. Interestingly, only 2.5% of HAL+ birds displayed PSE meat characteristics compared to 12.7% of HAL- individuals. The halothane test demonstrated that female lineage broilers displayed very little sensitivity towards halothane, indicating that the development of PSE meat is related to other environmental factors.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade de aves de uma linhagem fêmea ao halotano e sua relação com o desenvolvimento de carnes PSE. O teste do halotano foi conduzido com o auxÃlio de uma câmara anestésica com 3,0% de halotano volatilizado. As aves inconscientes foram examinadas pelo enrijecimento dos seus membros inferiores. Quando ambos ou um dos membros permaneceram rÃgidos, os frangos foram classificados como sensÃveis ao halotano (HAL+) e os frangos sem enrijecimento dos membros foram classificados como não-sensÃveis (HAL-). Os resultados mostraram que de 298 frangos com 42 dias de idade, 95,6% foram HAL-, e apenas 4,4% HAL+. O peito foi coletado das aves HAL- (n=105) e HAL+ (n=13) em que o pH e Cor (L*,a*,b*) foram determinados a 4ºC, 24h postmortem. Interessantemente, apenas 2,5% das aves HAL+ demonstraram carnes PSE, enquanto que as aves HAL- apresentaram 12,7% de carnes PSE, em relação ao total de aves abatidas. O teste do halotano demonstrou que frangos da linhagem fêmea mostraram pouquÃssima sensibilidade ao halotano, indicando que a ocorrência de carnes PSE está mais associada a fatores ambientais.Fundação AraucáriaFINEPCNPqProne
Estimates of heritability and genetic correlations for meat quality traits in broilers
Broiler meat quality is one of the primary factors considered by the poultry industry. This study was conducted to estimate heritability and genetic correlation coefficients for meat quality traits in a single male broiler line. The meat ultimate pH (24 h after slaughter) and lightness presented the highest heritability estimates. Given the estimated genetic correlations, the pH measured at 15 min and 24 h after slaughtering, as well as lightness, were characterized by a close and negative genetic relationship with water holding capacity traits. In contrast, meat quality traits exhibited only non-significant genetic correlations with performance and carcass traits. Noticed exceptions were breast weight, which was genetically and favorably associated with the initial pH and thawing-cooking losses, and ultrasound record of pectoral muscle depth, which was genetically and unfavourably associated with the shear force of meat. Meat pH values at 24 h after slaughtering or lightness may be a favorable selection criterion for the poultry industry for improving meat quality, since these traits are associated with the water holding capacity of the meat. Out of the traits studied, lightness is most easily assessed on the industrial slaughtering line. The direct selection for breast weight could improve the initial pH and thawing-cooking losses of meat, even as selection for ultrasound records of Pectoralis major may affect the meat tenderness in this lin
Estimativas de herdabilidade para os escores visuais do coração e do fÃgado em linhagem macho de frangos
O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar os coeficientes de herdabilidade para os escores visuais de coração e de fÃgado em uma linhagem macho de frangos de corte. As análises dos dados foram realizadas através do método da máxima verossimilhança restrita e do método R, utilizando-se informações de 6167 animais. Os escores visuais de coração e de fÃgado não pareceram ser capazes de apresentar resposta à seleção, tendo em vista as estimativas de herdabilidade obtidas através do método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, que foram de 0,05±0,02 para ambas as caracterÃsticas. Possivelmente devido à pouca variabilidade dos dados dos escores visuais de coração e de fÃgado, as análises realizadas pelo método R não atingiram convergência.The objective of this study was to estimate the heritability coefficients for heart and liver visual scores in a male broiler line. Dataset analysis was realized by restricted maximum likelihood and by R method. Data from 6167 individuals were used. Heart and liver visual scores did not seem to be able to respond to selection, since the heritability estimates obtained by restricted maximum likelihood were 0,05±0,02 for both traits. Possibly due to the low variability of visual scores data, the analyses by R method did not converge
Correlações fenotÃpicas entre caracterÃsticas de qualidade de carne em frangos
The goals of this research were to estimate the phenotypic correlations among various meat quality traits from a male broiler line and to describe the relation among these variables. Phenotypical correlations were determined among quality traits, isolating the effects of slaughter date, the age of the mother and sex. The evaluated traits were pH measurements taken at time 0 and at 6 and 24 hours after slaughtering, color parameters, water loss due to exudation, thawing and cooking of the meat, and shear force. Important associations (P<0.01) were found to be significant and, in most cases, weak or moderate, varying from -0.35 to 0.28. The initial pH of the meat was not associated (P>0.05) to the other traits of the meat, whereas the pH at 24 hours after slaughter was able of directly interfering with the attributes of the meat, since this trait was inversely related with lightness and water losses, which indicates an effect of pH fall along 24h after slaughtering on protein denaturation. This study demonstrates that the variables of poultry meat quality are related and that there is a phenotypical association between lightness and cooking losses and the other attributes of the meat. The pH at 24 hours after slaughtering, lightness and cooking losses could be efficient meat quality indicators in this broiler line.O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estimar as correlações fenotÃpicas entre as caracterÃsticas de qualidade de carne de uma linhagem macho de frangos de corte. Para tanto, foram determinadas as correlações fenotÃpicas entre essas caracterÃsticas, isolando-se os efeitos de data de abate, idade da mãe e sexo. As caracterÃsticas avaliadas foram: medidas de pH inicial, em 6 e em 24 horas após o abate, parâmetros de cor, perdas por exsudação, descongelamento e cozimento da carne e força de cisalhamento. A maioria das associações obtidas foi de intensidade fraca a moderada, porém significativa, com magnitude variando entre -0,35 e 0,28. O pH inicial da carne não esteve associado de modo importante com as outras caracterÃsticas de qualidade de carne (P>0,05), enquanto o pH em 24 horas após o abate interferiu diretamente nos atributos da carne (P<0,01), estando inversamente relacionado com o teor de luminosidade e as perdas de água da carne, indicando um efeito da queda do pH ao longo das 24 horas após o abate na desnaturação protéica. Comprovou-se a existência da relação entre as variáveis de qualidade de carne em aves, havendo associação fenotÃpica entre o teor de luminosidade e as perdas por cozimento e as demais caracterÃsticas avaliadas. Dessa forma, o pH em 24 horas após o abate, o teor de luminosidade e as perdas por cozimento da carne podem ser indicadores eficientes da qualidade da carne na linhagem estudada
Inferences on the effects of selection for feed conversion over meat quality traits in broiler
ABSTRACT: The intense selection process for economic traits conducted by the poultry breeding programs has been caused several changes in broiler meat quality. A database belonging to a selection program of a broiler male line was used to estimate heritability and genetic correlations for feed conversion ratio and meat quality traits, which were: initial and final pH, lightness, drip loss, thawing loss and shear force. Two-trait analyses were performed and the components of co(variance) and genetic parameters were determined using the Bayesian approach and the GIBBS3F90 software. The heritability estimate found for feed conversion ratio (0.52) showed high influence of direct additive genetic effects on the expression of this trait; therefore, this trait is able to respond to selection. The genetic correlation estimates obtained (-0.50 to 0.33) were indicative of important associations between feed conversion ratio and meat quality traits. The selection to improve feed conversion ratio may cause injury in greater or lesser degree for L*, drip loss (DL), thawing loss (TL) and shear force (SF) in broilers. It is recommended the monitoring of consequences of feed conversion ratio used as selection criteria or meat quality traits in broilers, due to its unfavorable indirect selection for these variables in this population. Breeding methods for efficiency improvements in broilers feed are suggested, which also benefit sensorial and functional properties of the meat