Sequencing the exon 1 of MSTN in Mongolian horse (Equus caballus)

Myostatin (MSTN) is a protein responsible for muscular tissue differentiation, development, and growth in mammals. Studies on cattle, mice, pig, and dog have provided sample demonstrations of mutations on myostatin, which strongly affected animal Ankole93200phenotype, particularly muscle development. In horse, myostatin gene is usually studied with respect to racing performance. Most Mongolian native horses do race for long distance and such racing is a very popular sport in Mongolia. On the other hand, the MSTN gene also affects meat yield and quality. We partially sequenced of MSTN gene to explore its polymorphic features in Mongolian horse. A 238 bp long segment of exon 1 was sequenced, using 3130 Genetic Analyser and MEGAX. The sequence was registered with accession number LC216412 in the Gene bank database of NCBI and aligned to four reference sequences (GQ183900.1, KC708233.1, AY840554.2, NM 001081817) from this database. The nucleotide diversity was 0.0084, Tajima test statistic was -1.12. so that there were 233 invariable (monomorphic) sites and 5 variable (polymorphic) sites, in the group of animals compared. The Mongolian horse differed from the reference sequence at 3 sites. There was an amino acid difference in the partial sequence, in which isoleucine in the reference sequence was converted into valine. The results of the study indicate that the Mongolian horse seems to differ substantially from the reference genome of equus caballus. Sequencing of the full length of exon 1 or even the whole MSTN gene, including introns, is strongly advised, to get more insights with regard to the identification and characterization of variants at the myostatin locus in Mongolian horses

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT DOMESTIC GOAT IN THE MONGOLIA

Food and agricultural production sector, especially livestock production is vital for Mongolia’s economic and social development. The five breeds of livestock – cattle, horses, sheep, goats and camels, have always been directly related to the history, culture and economy of Mongolia. It is undeniable that these five breeds of livestock are considered as an important asset of the Mongolian economy as well as guarantee of national security. Out of the five breeds, small livestock including sheep and goats account for more than 80% of the total livestock population (according to the National Statistical Office data). It is not hard to retrieve research and recorded materials about the morphology or the economic productivity of these breeds and their sub-breeds. However, the development of society now demands higher yield from the livestock animals. Genetically, the a1, a2, a3 and a4 samples appertaining to some 3,000 years ago are substantially different from the haplogroups. However, judging by the phylogenetic tree the 800 year-old samples, as compared to the phylogroups of the 3rd century BC, are closer to the modern samples. Alongside this, from molecular distance we find that the M1 haplogroup is a sample belonging to the 3rd century BC, which had separated the earliest, while the aforementioned 800 year-old sample separates at a later period, which chronologically is convincing. But the a6 ancient sample conforms to the B haplogroup and the a8 or the sample of 800 years ago is in the same haplogroup as the sample of the 3rd century BC. However, the a6 sample obtained from the 3rd century BC tombs obtained sample was the origin of modern goats that can be included in haplogroup B

Auranofin inhibition of thioredoxin reductase sensitizes lung neuroendocrine tumor cells (NETs) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells to sorafenib as well as inhibiting SCLC xenograft growth

Thioredoxin Reductase (TrxR) functions to recycle thioredoxin (Trx) during hydroperoxide metabolism mediated by peroxiredoxins and is currently being targeted using the FDA-approved anti-rheumatic drug, auranofin (AF), to selectively sensitize cancer cells to therapy. AF treatment decreased TrxR activity and clonogenic survival in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines (DMS273 and DMS53) as well as the H727 atypical lung carcinoid cell line. AF treatment also significantly sensitized DMS273 and H727 cell lines in vitro to sorafenib, an FDA-approved multi-kinase inhibitor that depleted intracellular glutathione (GSH). The pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and safety profile of AF was examined in nude mice with DMS273 xenografts administered AF intraperitoneally at 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg (IP) once (QD) or twice daily (BID) for 1−5 d. Plasma levels of AF were 10–20 μM (determined by mass spectrometry of gold), and the optimal inhibition of TrxR activity was obtained at 4 mg/kg once daily, with no effect on glutathione peroxidase 1 activity. This AF treatment extended for 14 d, inhibited TrxR (>75%), and resulted in a significant prolongation of median overall survival from 19 to 23 d (p = .04, N = 30 controls, 28 AF). In this experiment, there were no observed changes in animal bodyweight, complete blood counts (CBCs), bone marrow toxicity, blood urea nitrogen, or creatinine. These results support the hypothesis that AF effectively inhibits TrxR both in vitro and in vivo in SCLC, sensitizes NETs and SCLC to sorafenib, and could be repurposed as an adjuvant therapy with targeted agents that induce disruptions in thiol metabolism