Timely and Massive Communication in 6G: Pragmatics, Learning, and Inference

5G has expanded the traditional focus of wireless systems to embrace two new connectivity types: ultra-reliable low latency and massive communication. The technology context at the dawn of 6G is different from the past one for 5G, primarily due to the growing intelligence at the communicating nodes. This has driven the set of relevant communication problems beyond reliable transmission towards semantic and pragmatic communication. This paper puts the evolution of low-latency and massive communication towards 6G in the perspective of these new developments. At first, semantic/pragmatic communication problems are presented by drawing parallels to linguistics. We elaborate upon the relation of semantic communication to the information-theoretic problems of source/channel coding, while generalized real-time communication is put in the context of cyber-physical systems and real-time inference. The evolution of massive access towards massive closed-loop communication is elaborated upon, enabling interactive communication, learning, and cooperation among wireless sensors and actuators.Comment: Submitted for publication to IEEE BITS (revised version preprint

Semantic Communication of Learnable Concepts

We consider the problem of communicating a sequence of concepts, i.e., unknown and potentially stochastic maps, which can be observed only through examples, i.e., the mapping rules are unknown. The transmitter applies a learning algorithm to the available examples, and extracts knowledge from the data by optimizing a probability distribution over a set of models, i.e., known functions, which can better describe the observed data, and so potentially the underlying concepts. The transmitter then needs to communicate the learned models to a remote receiver through a rate-limited channel, to allow the receiver to decode the models that can describe the underlying sampled concepts as accurately as possible in their semantic space. After motivating our analysis, we propose the formal problem of communicating concepts, and provide its rate-distortion characterization, pointing out its connection with the concepts of empirical and strong coordination in a network. We also provide a bound for the distortion-rate function.Comment: This paper has been accepted for presentation at the 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theor

Semantic Communication of Learnable Concepts

We consider the problem of communicating a sequence of concepts, i.e., unknown and potentially stochastic maps, which can be observed only through examples, i.e., the mapping rules are unknown. The transmitter applies a learning algorithm to the available examples, and extracts knowledge from the data by optimizing a probability distribution over a set of models, i.e., known functions, which can better describe the observed data, and so potentially the underlying concepts. The transmitter then needs to communicate the learned models to a remote receiver through a rate-limited channel, to allow the receiver to decode the models that can describe the underlying sampled concepts as accurately as possible in their semantic space. After motivating our analysis, we propose the formal problem of communicating concepts, and provide its rate-distortion characterization, pointing out its connection with the concepts of empirical and strong coordination in a network. We also provide a bound for the distortion-rate function

Polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of fruits of selected rose varieties

Celem pracy była ocena ogólnej zawartości polifenoli oraz ich charakterystyka ilościowa w ekstraktach pozyskanych z owoców czterech gatunków dzikiej róży (Rosa canina L., Rosa gallica L., Rosa rugosa L., Rosa spinosissima L.). Ponadto oceniono aktywność przeciwutleniającą z wykorzystaniem rodnika DPPH oraz kationorodnika ABTS, a także aktywność chelatującą otrzymanych ekstraktów.The aim of the study was to assess the overall content of polyphenols and their quantitative characteristics in four species of rose (Rosa canina L., Rosa gallica L., Rosa rugosa L., Rosa spinosissima L.). In addition, antioxidant activity was as-sessed using the DPPH radical and ABTS cation radical, as well as chelating activity. It has been shown that the studied rose fruit varieties contain a significant amount of polyphenols and also have antioxidant and chelating effects

Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica L.) as a raw material about health properties - current state of knowledge

Pigwowiec japoński (Chaenomeles japonica L.) jest kolczastym, karłowatym krzewem powszechnie występującym w Polsce. Uprawiany jest ze względu na kwaśne i aromatyczne owoce, które zawierają związki bioaktywne, takie jak katechina, epikatechina, proantocyjanidyna, triterpeny, witamina C oraz pektyny. Owoce powszechnie wykorzystywane są w medycynie chińskiej oraz tradycyjnej. Skład owoców pigwowca determinuje korzystne właściwości, przez co mogą być cennym składnikiem do zastosowania w przemyśle farmaceutycznym, kosmetycznym i spożywczym.Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica L.) is a prickly, dwarf shrub found in Poland. They are cultivate for their acidic and aromatic fruit, which contain bioactive compounds such as catechin, epicatechin, proanthocyanidin, triterpenes, vit-amin C and pectin. For this reason, the fruit is widely used in Chinese and traditional medicine. The composition of quince fruit determines its beneficial properties, which makes it a valuable ingredient for use in both the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries

Evaluation of polyphenols content and antioxidant activity of barley grass (Hordeum vulgare L.) from spring and winter cereals

W artykule oceniono właściwości prozdrowotne młodego jęczmienia (Hordeum vulgare L.). Ekstrakty z 8 odmian rośliny przebadano pod kątem potencjału antyoksydacyjnego oraz scharakteryzowano zawarte w ekstraktach związki bioaktyw-ne. Badania potwierdziły, że młody jęczmień wykazuje aktywność przeciwutleniającą, a także jest bogatym źródłem fitozwiązków. W ekstraktach etanolowych stwierdzono obecność flawonoli, takich jak: katechina, epikatechina, kwercytyna, rutyna. Ekstrakty wykazały też wyższą zdolność hamowania rodnika ABTS niż DPPH.In this work, health-related properties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were assessed. Extracts from 8 plant varieties were tested for antioxidant potential and bioactive compounds contained in the extracts were characterized. Studies have shown that young barley indicates antioxidant activity and is also a rich source of phytochemicals. Flavonols, such as catechin, epicatechin, quercitin, and rutin, were found in ethanol extracts. The extracts showed a higher ABTS radical in-hibiting ability than DPPH

Ocena zawartości polifenoli oraz potencjału przeciwutleniającego w popularnych na rynku owocach suszonych

Dried fruits are available to consumers all year round. Their regular consumption may contribute to the improvement of health and reduce the development of many diet-related diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the content of to-tal polyphenols, the ability to scavenge the DPPH radical, ABTS cation radical and the ability to chelate iron (II) ions in selected dried fruits available and consumed in Poland. It was found that dried fruit shows the ability to inactivate the DPPH radical and the ABTS cation, and also have chelating properties. It was shown that the content of polyphenols in the tested dried fruits was varied, however, the highest content of phenolic compounds and anti-radical activity were cha-racteristic of dried strawberries. The obtained results indicate that, thanks to the anti-free radical properties, the con-sumption of dried fruit may play an important role in the nutrition of health-conscious people.Owoce suszone są dostępne dla konsumentów przez cały rok. Ich regularne spożywanie może wpłynąć na poprawę zdrowia człowieka oraz na ograniczenie rozwoju wielu chorób dietozależnych. Celem pracy było oznaczenie zawartości polifenoli ogółem, zdolności do zmiatania rodnika DPPH, kationorodnika ABTS oraz zdolności do chelatowania jonów żelaza (II)w wybranych suszonych owocach dostępnych i spożywanych w Polsce. Stwierdzono, że suszone owoce wykazują zdolność do dezaktywacji rodnika DPPH oraz kationorodnika ABTS, a także mają właściwości chelatujące. Wykazano, że zawartość polifenoli w badanych owocach suszonych była na zróżnicowanym poziomie, jednak najwyższą zawartością związków fenolowych i aktywnością antyrodnikową charakteryzowały się suszone truskawki. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że dzięki właściwościom antyrodnikowym spożywanie suszonych owoców może odgrywać istotną rolę w żywieniu osób dbających o zdrowie

Role of River–Lake System Sediments and Microbial Activity in the Hyporheic Zone

The effect of river–lake systems on the surface water self-purification process is a significant and not fully recognised scientific issue. The conditions prevailing in the hyporheic zone of these ecosystems are of great importance in the process of component exchange between water and sediments. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the type of sediments located at the bottom of the riverbed being part of a river–lake system on microbial activity in the hyporheic zone. An ex situ experiment was used to study the microbiological activity and the transformation of components in the collected river sediments. It was found that the specific properties of sediments varied depending on their location in the riverbed between the lakes comprising the system and that the prevailing meteorological conditions can also have an effect on microbial activity in the hyporheic zone, e.g., aerobic conditions. These conditions determined the intensity of component conversion in the sediments due to microbial metabolism. A closer understanding of the processes occurring in the hyporheic zone may allow the processes of water self-purification within river–lake systems to be supported in the future, which will contribute to the improvement of surface water quality