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Photoacoustic Spectra and Flurescence Lifetimes of Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b in Nematic Liquid Crystal
With an aim to evaluate the yield of excitation energy transfer between ordered chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b molecules, the nematic liquid crystal (LC) mixture MBBA (p-methoxybenzylidene ṕ-butylaniline) and EBBA (p-ethoxybenzylidene ṕ-butylaniline) is used. The LC is oriented by deposition of the sample between stretched polyvinylalcohol films or between silicon oxide orienting layers; chlorophyll molecules are oriented similarly due to their strong interaction with LC molecules. Chlorophylls (chls) in LC are monomeric at concentrations lower than 10
−2
M. The pigment fluorescence yields (ν) were established from measurements of fluorescence lifetimes (τ) of chl a and chl b in LC and in ethyl ether. ν of chl a is about twice that of chl b; therefore the yield of excitation energy transfer between pigments was obtained from photoacoustic spectra (PAS). In PAS measurements, natural and polarized light were used for sample illumination, in order to study the orientation of different species. Photoacoustic spectra and analysis of τ of pigment mixtures suggest that part of the energy absorbed in the Soret band of chl a is transferred to chl b. In fluorescence spectra, a new peak at 695 nm is observed, probably related to mixed chl a-chl b-LC "aggregates" which are differently oriented than the monomeric pigment. The energy absorbed by these aggregates is dissipated more efficiently than that absorbed by chl a alone. The formation of some mixed aggregates can explain why the τ and PAS values of pigment mixtures are different than the values calculated by assuming that chl a and chl b are contributing to fluorescence and deactivation effects independently of each other
Occurence of the root-rot of Pinus silvestris L. (caused by Fomes annous (Fr.) Cke) in the Notec Forest (Poland)
Evidence for weakly bound electrons in non-irradiated alkane crystals: The electrons as a probe of structural differences in crystals
Prospective multicenter study of HX575 (biosimilar epoetin-α) in patients with chronic kidney disease applying a target hemoglobin of 10--12 g/dl.
HX575 was approved in the European Union in August 2007 as the first-ever biosimilar epoetin-α product. The present study extended the safety database on HX575 by monitoring adverse events (AEs) in clinical practice. Hemoglobin (Hb) levels and HX575 doses were recorded for the assessment of efficacy. This open, 6-month single-arm study was conducted in 10 European countries with a target enrollment of 1,500 patients with anemia due to chronic kidney disease (CKD). HX575 was intravenously (i.v.) administered aiming at an Hb target of 10 - 12 g/dl. Most patients (92.3%) had already received erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) treatment before enrolment into this study; the recorded treatments mainly comprised i.v. or subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of epoetin-α, epoetin-β or darbepoetin. The study period covered 770 patient years. The observed AE profile was in line with expectations for this patient population. Thrombotic vascular events (TVEs) were reported in 11.9% of patients (0.2612 per patient year). Tumor incidence was 1.4% (0.0299 per patient year). No subject developed anti-epoetin antibodies. Mean Hb levels were effectively maintained between 11.2 and 11.3 g/dl following the conversion from a broad spectrum of pre-study ESA treatments with stable overall mean i.v. HX575 doses. The proportion of patients within the Hb target range increased from 57.5% at baseline to 66.8% at study end
Prospective multicenter study of HX575 (biosimilar epoetin-\u3b1) in patients with chronic kidney disease applying a target hemoglobin of 10--12 g/dl
HX575 was approved in the European Union in August 2007 as the first-ever biosimilar epoetin-\u3b1 product. The present study extended the safety database on HX575 by monitoring adverse events (AEs) in clinical practice. Hemoglobin (Hb) levels and HX575 doses were recorded for the assessment of efficacy. This open, 6-month single-arm study was conducted in 10 European countries with a target enrollment of 1,500 patients with anemia due to chronic kidney disease (CKD). HX575 was intravenously (i.v.) administered aiming at an Hb target of 10 - 12 g/dl. Most patients (92.3%) had already received erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) treatment before enrolment into this study; the recorded treatments mainly comprised i.v. or subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of epoetin-\u3b1, epoetin-\u3b2 or darbepoetin. The study period covered 770 patient years. The observed AE profile was in line with expectations for this patient population. Thrombotic vascular events (TVEs) were reported in 11.9% of patients (0.2612 per patient year). Tumor incidence was 1.4% (0.0299 per patient year). No subject developed anti-epoetin antibodies. Mean Hb levels were effectively maintained between 11.2 and 11.3 g/dl following the conversion from a broad spectrum of pre-study ESA treatments with stable overall mean i.v. HX575 doses. The proportion of patients within the Hb target range increased from 57.5% at baseline to 66.8% at study end