Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the small intestine and the appendix - management guidelines (recommended by the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours).

This study presents the revised Polish guidelines regarding the management of patients suffering from neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the small intestine and appendix. The small intestine, especially the ileum, is the most common location for these neoplasms. Most are well differentiated and slow growing. Their symptoms may be atypical, which can result in delayed or accidental diagnosis. Appendicitis is usually the first manifestation of NEN in this location. Typical symptoms of carcinoid syndrome occur in approximately 20-30% of patients suffering from small intestinal NENs with distant metastases. The main cause of death in patients with carcinoid syndrome is carcinoid heart disease. The most useful laboratory test is the determination of chromogranin A, while concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid is helpful in the diagnostics of carcinoid syndrome. For visualisation, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, colonoscopy, video capsule endoscopy, double-balloon enteroscopy, and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy may be used. A detailed his-tological report is crucial for the proper diagnostics and therapy of NENs of the small intestine and appendix. The treatment of choice is surgical management, either radical or palliative. The pharmacological treatment of the hormonally active and non-active small intestinal NENs as well as NENs of the appendix is based on long-acting somatostatin analogues. In patients with generalised NENs of the small intestine in progress during the SSA treatment, with good expression of somatostatin receptors, the first-line treatment should be radio-isotope therapy, while targeted therapies, such as everolimus, should be considered afterwards. When the above therapies are exhausted, in certain cases chemotherapy may be considered

Macromycetes Parku Dendrologicznego SGGW w Warszawie

A list of 79 species of macromycetes recorded in the Dendrological Park of the Warsaw Agricultural University in Warsaw between 1996 and 2005 is discussed in the paper.Przedstawiono skład gatunkowy grzybów wielkoowocnikowych Parku Dendrologicznego SGGW położonego przy ul. Rakowieckiej na Mokotowie w centrum Warszawy. Obserwacje prowadzono w latach 1996 – 2005. Stwierdzono występowanie 79 gatunków macromycetes. Dominowały Basidiomycetes – 88,6%, a Ascomycetes stanowiły 11,4%. Pięć gatunków podlega ścisłej ochronie prawnej, a 9 gatunków umieszczone jest na czerwonej liście grzybów zagrożonych w Polsce. Park Dendrologiczny SGGW stanowi ważną ostoję w centrum Warszawy dla wielu gatunków grzybów wielkoowocnikowych, w tym dla kilku podlegających prawnej ochronie gatunkowej

Assessment of the present state of occurrence, threats and protection of Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.: Fr.) Bond. and Sing. in Poland

The Fomitopsis officinalis is the fungus remaining under strict protection since 1983. It is on the Red List of threatened fungi in Poland in the category of species endangered by extinction (E). It is also in the group of 33 threatened species proposed to be embraced by species protection at European level. All the existing localities of this species in Poland are in the area of its historical occurrence in the territory of the Świętokrzyskie and Mazowieckie provinces. In 2010, the presence of F. officinalis was detected in four seed trees in the managed larch forests in the neighbourhood of the ‘Ciechostowice’ Reserve (Skarżysko Forest District). Moreover, a new tree with fruiting bodies was found in each of the ‘Ciechostowice’ and ‘Modrzewina’ reserves. Recent data show that the fungus has infested 31 trees or parts of trees (trees with visible or just disappeared fruiting bodies). There is still a need to protect habitats and populations of F. officinalis using the passive and active protection methods

Poronia punctata (L.: Fr.) Rabenh. (Xylariales, Ascomycota) in Poland: a threatened, rare, or overlooked species?

Poronia punctata is regarded as a threatened, rare coprophilous fungus species, especially in Europe. Lately, the fungus has been noted again in Poland after a century of absence. Micro- and macrotraits of P. punctata have been given on the basis of specimens from two collections: the first, contemporary one, found in the field in 2010, and the second and most probably oldest Polish one dating back to the years 1819–1845, from the collections of prof. Michał Szubert, found by us in the Herbarium of the University of Warsaw. The distribution of P. punctata localities within the present boundaries of Poland is presented. The occurrence conditions of P. punctata in Poland, especially the new locality, are characterized. Possible reasons why the species has not been noted within 1905–2009 in Poland are indicated. The threat status of the species according to the IUCN criteria is assessed and the threat category VU is proposed