Differentiated Estimates of Valuation Multipliers based on Price-to-Book Ratio for the Czech Brewing Industry

This article focuses on the differentiated estimations of industry multipliers in relation to Price-Book Value ratio (P/BV) with applying for the Czech brewing industry. Differentiation of estimates brings better approximation of these sector-wide multipliers to the defined groups companies within the given markets and thus increases the accuracy of the method of relative business valuation. Due to the absence of market data on privately held companies, the market value was assessed using the DCF method, while the book value was taken from the enterprise's accounts. The assumption of the linearity of the market-book value relationship for the subsequent calculations and differentiation of P/BV estimations was verified using regression analysis. The differentiation of P/BV ratio was made according to the size of entities, but mainly based on equality of market and book value, respectively according to the equality P/BV = 1. Then our results were supplemented by the calculation of industry P/BV ratio using P/EAT ratio and ROE decomposition. Using this additional method, the brewing industry was compared with other relevant industries in the Czech Republic.O

Consumer Demand for Wine and Beer in the Czech Republic, and Their Mutual Influences

The paper analyses consumer demand for wine and beer in the Czech Republic in the period of 1991–2013. The objective of this research was to evaluate the elasticity of consumption of wine and beer in reaction to a change of prices and further to a change in the level of a household income. Based on the dynamic models of the gross demand for wine and beer there were determined the coefficients of direct and cross price elasticity, and income elasticity coefficients. In accordance with the identified sizes, respectively, after evaluating their statistical significance, there was carried out the economic analysis of observed demand functions. Analysis of demand functions has shown that the consumptions of wine and beer by the Czech households were not linked on a statistically significant level, in the examined period. Dynamic model of the gross demand for wine showed a statistically insignificant sensitivity of wine consumption to a change of the household income. Wine consumption of Czech households was significantly formed only by its price. Dynamic model of the gross demand for beer has shown that beer consumption by the Czech households responded significantly only to change in household income. Whereas in the case of wine, there was identified an influence of previous consumption on the current one, this was not confirmed in the case of beer

What are the critical success factors for small farming businesses? Evidence from Zambia

Small farming businesses play a cardinal role in most countries, as they contribute to food security, employment creation, and rural development. However, small farming businesses face a number of challenges that have potential to hinder their performance. The purpose of the study is to identify critical success factors for small farming businesses in Zambia. The study employed an exploratory approach that involved multiple cases of six small farm owners. Additionally, four experts from the agriculture industry were also involved in the study. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data, which was analyzed thematically using Atlas.ti software. Seven common dimensions emerged as critical success factors. These critical success factors include entrepreneurial characteristics, availability of financial resources, farm management practices, adoption of technology, knowledge, networking, and government support. The study provides implications that can help with development of the small farming businesses in Zambia.OA-hybri

Price flexibility of world market for cocoa beans

The article is focused on the quantitative analysis of the price flexibility of the world market for the cocoa beans. The ICCO databases from 1960/1961 to 2005/2006 crop years were used for this analysis. In the investigated time period, the analysis of the price flexibility was based on the autoregressive form of the price model with the log-linear construction: lnpt = 2.6824 − 0.4041 × lnstgt + 0.8301 × lnpt−1 + ut. The values of the parameters of the autoregressive price model were estimated using OLS. The developed model was statistically significant in all evaluated respects (F-test, T-tests and Durbin’s h-test). Within the analysis of the world market for the cocoa beans, the current, dynamic, long-term and long-equilibrium coefficients of price flexibility were evaluated. According to applied log-linear construction of the autoregressive price model, the level of the current price flexibility of the world market for the cocoa beans was −0.4041, the dynamic price flexibility of the first order achieved the value of −0.3354 and the long-equilibrium price flexibility of the world market for the cocoa beans takes the value of −2.3784

Income elasticity of Czechs' household demand for meat and meat products: autoregressive model

The paper is focused on the wider concept of the income-elasticity analysis within of the average Czechs' household demand for the meat and meat products including demand for fish and fish products. Within the investigated consumer demand, the levels of current income elasticity, dynamic income elasticity, long-term income elasticity, long-equilibrium income elasticity were evaluated. Realised demand analysis was based on the autoregressive log-linear model of Engel's curve: lnqt = −11.9878 + 1.4733lnxt + 0.1917lnqt−1 + vt, which was estimated by using the CZSO-HS data from 1995 to 2000. Developed Engel model of the quarterly demand was statistically significant (F-test, t-tests, DW-test). According to this autoregressive log-linear Engel's model, the level of the current income elasticity of the average Czechs' household demand for the meat and meat products was 1.4733. The dynamic income elasticity with quarterly lag achieved the value of 0.2825. Half-yearly dynamic income elasticity of the average Czechs' household demand for the meat and meat products obtained the value of 5.4186 · 10−2. The level of year dynamic income elasticity of examined consumer demand was 1.9915 · 10−3. In observed years (1995–2000), the applied Engel's model simulated the depression of the level of dynamic income elasticity of the average Czechs' household demand for the meat and meat products. By using the estimated autoregressive log-linear model of Engel's curve, the log-term income elasticity was studied too. Half-yearly income elasticity of the examined consumer demand achieved the value of 1.7558. The level of year income elasticity of the demand was 1.8204. The value of long-term income elasticity of the average Czechs' household demand for the meat and meat products tends to 1.8228. The determined value implies the long-equilibrium income elasticity of this consumer demand

PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY OF BOTTLED QUALITY WHITE WINE IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC

This paper is focused on the supply of the Czech producers of bottled quality white wine. Namely, a dependence of their sales of this wine category on the market price of bottled quality white wine was examined. Monthly data from the CZSO and SZIF database, years 2004–2012, were used for the price-supply analysis. Price-supply reactions of the Czech wine producers were investigated through two-stage cointegration method developed by Engle and Granger. Short-term and long-term price elasticity of studied market supply was based on the error correction model designed and statistically verified by the authors

Price-supply flexibility of wheat market in the Czech Republic

The paper explores of the price-supply flexibility of the Czech commodity market for food quality wheat in the period 1995–2011. For this analysis, inversion definition of the supply function was applied. The model of the inverse supply function in the Czech wheat market was based on the double log-linear construction. The parameters of the given supply model were estimated using OLS-HAC method. The developed regression model of the supply function was statistically tested. Ordinary and dynamic price flexibility of the wheat supply on the Czech commodity market was determined in relation to the parameters of the developed econometric model. In accordance with the estimations, the ordinary price-supply flexibility achieved +0.3492% and the dynamic price-supply flexibility of the first order was –0.2210%. Within the interpretation of both estimated coefficients of the price-supply flexibility, the multi-factor nature of the commodity supply function must be respected. Moreover, it is important to distinguish the short-term and long-term period within the evaluation of the price-supply flexibility

PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY OF BOTTLED QUALITY WHITE WINE IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC

This paper is focused on the supply of the Czech producers of bottled quality white wine. Namely, a dependence of their sales of this wine category on the market price of bottled quality white wine was examined. Monthly data from the CZSO and SZIF database, years 2004–2012, were used for the price-supply analysis. Price-supply reactions of the Czech wine producers were investigated through two-stage cointegration method developed by Engle and Granger. Short-term and long-term price elasticity of studied market supply was based on the error correction model designed and statistically verified by the authors

Price formation and transmission along the food commodity chain

The article is focused on analysis of price transmission along the wheat commodity chain in the Czech Republic, with the distinction on wheat products with low value added (wheat flour), respectively high value added (wheat rolls). The degree of vertical price transmission is measured to identify potential market failures, because asymmetric price transmission can be the result of existence of market power within the food commodity chain. The data basis is made up from monthly prices on partial markets of the analyzed commodity chain published by Czech Statistical Office and Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic. The monitored time period is from January 2000 till October 2009. The analysis is based on calculation of the price transmission elasticity coefficient (evaluation of price transmission along the chain) and the intensity of dependency of positive and negative inter-market price differences (evaluation whether positive or negative price changes are better transmitted among particular vertical markets). Time lag is tested as well. The assessment of price transmission along the wheat commodity chain confirmed the existence of market power especially on the retail stage and low impact of price changes of farm prices on final consumer food prices