STUDY OF METHANE CONCENTRATION VARIABILITY IN THE SURFACE LAYER OF THE SEA OF JAPAN IN THE CONTEXT OF SEISMIC EVENTS (BASED ON THE RESULTS OF EXPEDITION STUDIES IN 2017–2018)

A spatial distribution of methane dissolved in sea water is a critical but poorly understood factor in the context of seismic activity. Based on the results of the RV AKADEMIK OPARIN integrated geological-geophysical expedition (September 21 – October 31, 2017), this paper deals with the regularities of methane concentration variability in the surface layer of the Sea of Japan: the average growth and the average growth period were 70 % and 10 h, respectively, after each earthquake whereas a decrease in methane concentration in the sea water was 10–30 % 2–4 h before a seismic event. A decrease in methane concentration occurs irrespectively of the depth of an earthquake. The results obtained show good agreement with the published data and gaseous-geochemical monitoring materials, thus making it possible to associate seismic-related gaseous-geochemical regime not only with gas-saturated sediments but also with the water column of the Japan Basin (Sea of Japan)

Rheology of liquid crystalline phases of alkyloxybenzylidene toluidines

A unique viscometer of the CS rheometer viscometer class designed at the Kazan State University of Technology is used to measure viscosities of two p-n-alkyloxybenzylidene-p-toluidines in the entire temperature range of the liquid crystalline state and transition into an isotropic liquid. The measured shear stresses and flow rates are used to calculate shear rates and plot flow and viscosity curves. The liquid crystalline phase and isotropic liquid are demonstrated to possess Newtonian viscosity, whose viscous flow activation parameters are calculated in the temperature range under study. The results are discussed from the standpoint of intermolecular interactions and structural details of the liquid crystalline phase. © 2010 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

A viscometric study of the liquid crystalline phase of alkyloxybenzoic acids

The viscosities of three benzoic acid derivatives (p-n-heptyloxy-, p-n-decyloxy-, and p-n-dodecyloxy-) were measured on a unique viscometer of the class of CS-rheometer-viscometers with controlled shear stress over the whole temperature range of the liquid crystalline state. Shear rates were calculated and flow and viscosity curves constructed from the experimental shear stress values taking into account the Rabinovich-Moony correction. The smectic and nematic phases were characterized by non-Newton and Newton viscosities, respectively, in all the samples studied. The activation parameters of viscous flow were calculated for Newton viscosity. The results are discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions and structural peculiarities of liquid crystalline phases. © 2009 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Диэлектрические свойства системы: 4-н-пентилоксибензойная кислота–N-(4-н-бутилоксибензилиден)-4’-метиланилин

Objectives. Our aim was to study the dielectric properties of the 4-n-pentyloxybenzoic acid– N-(4-n-butyloxybenzylidene)-4’-methylaniline system and reveal how different concentrations of N-(4-n-butyloxybenzylidene)-4’-methylaniline additives affect the dielectric properties of 4-n-pentyloxybenzoic acid.Methods. System properties were investigated using polarization thermomicroscopy and dielcometry.Results. We found that dielectric anisotropy changes its sign from positive to negative at the transition temperature of the high-temperature nematic subphase to the low-temperature one. The anisotropy of the dielectric constant of N-4-n-butoxybenzylidene-4’-methylaniline has a positive value and increases as to the system approaches the crystalline phase. The crystal structure of the 4-n-pentyloxybenzoic acid contains dimers formed by two independent molecules due to a pair of hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure of N-(4-n-butoxybenzylidene)-4’-methylaniline contains associates formed by orientational interactions of two independent molecules. 4-n-Pentyloxybenzoic acid dimers (270 nm) and associates of N-4-n-butoxybenzylidene-4’- methylaniline (250 nm) proved to have approximately the identical length. Considering the close length values of the structural units of both compounds and the dielectric anisotropy sign, we assume that the N-4-n-butoxybenzylidene-4’-methylaniline associates are incorporated into the supramolecular structure of the 4-n-pentyloxybenzoic acid. The specific electrical conductivity of the compounds under study lies between 10−7 and 10−12 S∙cm−1. The relationship between the specific electrical conductivity anisotropy and the system composition in the nematic phase at the identical reduced temperature, obtained between 100 and 1000 Hz is symbatic. However, the electrical conductivity anisotropy values of the system obtained at 1000 Hz are lower compared to those obtained at 100 Hz. At N-(4-n-butoxybenzylidene)-4’-methylaniline concentrations between 30 and 60 mol %, the electrical conductivity anisotropy values are higher than those of the individual component.Conclusions. A change in the sign of the dielectric constant anisotropy of the 4-n-pentyloxybenzoic acid during nematic subphase transitions was established. We showed that the system has the highest dielectric constant anisotropy value when components have an equal number of moles. Highest electrical conductivity anisotropy values are observed when the concentration of the N-4-n-butoxybenzylidene-4᾽-methylaniline system lies between 30 and 60 mol %. Цель. Изучить диэлектрические свойства системы: 4-н-пентилоксибензойная кислота–N-(4-н-бутилоксибензилиден)-4’-метиланилин. Выявить влияние добавок N-(4-н-бутил­оксибензилиден)-4’-метиланилина различной концентрации на диэлектрические свойства 4-н-пентилоксибензойной кислоты.Методы. Свойства системы исследовались методами поляризационной термомикроскопии и диэлькометрии.Результаты. Установлено, что при температуре перехода высокотемпературной нематической субфазы в низкотемпературную диэлектрическая анизотропия меняет свой знак с положительного на отрицательный. Анизотропия диэлектрической проницаемости N-4-н-бутоксибензилиден-4’-метиланилина имеет положительные значения и увеличивается по мере приближения к фазовому переходу в кристаллическую фазу. В кристаллической структуре 4-н-пентилоксибензойной кислоты присутствуют димеры, образованные двумя независимыми молекулами за счет пары H-связей. В кристаллической структуре N-(4-н-бутоксибензилиден)-4’-метиланилина присутствуют ассоциаты, образованные за счет ориентационных взаимодействий двух независимых молекул. Отмечена близость длин димеров 4-н-пентилоксибензойной кислоты (270 нм) и ассоциатов N-4-н-бутоксибензилиден-4’-метиланилина (250 нм). Учитывая близость длин структурных единиц обоих соединений и знак диэлектрической анизотропии, можно предположить, что ассоциаты N-4-н-бутоксибензилиден-4’-метиланилина встраиваются в надмолекулярную структуру 4-н-пентилоксибензойной кислоты. Удельная электропроводность исследуемых соединений лежит в диапазоне 10−7–10−12 См·см−1. Зависимости анизотропии удельной электропроводности от состава системы для нематической фазы при одинаковой приведенной температуре, полученные на частотах 100 и 1000 Гц, имеют симбатный характер. Однако величины анизотропии удельной электропроводности системы, определенные на частоте 1000 Гц, ниже, чем на частоте 100 Гц. При концентрации N-(4-н-бутоксибензилиден)-4’-метиланилина от 30 до 60 мол. % значения анизотропии удельной электропроводности системы выше, чем для индивидуального компонента.Выводы. Установлена смена знака анизотропии диэлектрической проницаемости 4-н-пентилоксибензойной кислоты при переходе между нематическими субфазами. Показано, что самое высокое значение анизотропии диэлектрической проницаемости система имеет при эквимолярном соотношении компонентов. Наибольшие значения анизотропии удельной электропроводности наблюдаются при содержании в системе от 30 до 60 мол. % N-(4-н-бутоксибензилиден)-4’-метиланилина.

Resonance Raman Scattering in TlGaSe 2

The resonance Raman scattering for geometries Y(YX)Z and Y(ZX)Z at temperature 10 K and infrared reflection spectra in E∥a and E∥b polarizations at 300 K were investigated. The number of Aa (Ba) and Au (Bu) symmetry vibrational modes observed experimentally and calculated theoretically agree better in this case than when TlGa2Se4 crystals belong to D2h symmetry group. The emission of resonance Raman scattering and excitonic levels luminescence spectra overlap. The lines in resonance Raman spectra were identified as a combination of optical phonons in Brillouin zone center

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТИ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИЙ МЕТАНА В ПОВЕРХНОСТНОМ СЛОЕ ВОД ЯПОНСКОГО МОРЯ В КОНТЕКСТЕ СЕЙСМИЧЕСКИХ СОБЫТИЙ (ПО РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМ ЭКСПЕДИЦИОННЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ 2017–2018 гг.)

A spatial distribution of methane dissolved in sea water is a critical but poorly understood factor in the context of seismic activity. Based on the results of the RV AKADEMIK OPARIN integrated geological-geophysical expedition (September 21 – October 31, 2017), this paper deals with the regularities of methane concentration variability in the surface layer of the Sea of Japan: the average growth and the average growth period were 70 % and 10 h, respectively, after each earthquake whereas a decrease in methane concentration in the sea water was 10–30 % 2–4 h before a seismic event. A decrease in methane concentration occurs irrespectively of the depth of an earthquake. The results obtained show good agreement with the published data and gaseous-geochemical monitoring materials, thus making it possible to associate seismic-related gaseous-geochemical regime not only with gas-saturated sediments but also with the water column of the Japan Basin (Sea of Japan).Пространственное распределение метана, растворенного в морской воде, во взаимосвязи с сейсмической активностью играет исключительно важную, но недостаточно исследованную роль. В работе на примере результатов комплексной геолого-геофизической экспедиции на НИС «Академик Опарин» (21 сентября – 31 октября 2017 г.) установлена закономерность изменчивости концентрации метана в поверхностном слое морской воды: после каждого землетрясения средний показатель роста составил 70 %, средний период роста 10 ч; падение уровня концентрации метана в морской воде достигало 10–30 % за 2–4 ч до сейсмического события. Снижение концентраций метана происходит независимо от глубины землетрясения. Полученные результаты согласуются с литературными данными, а также материалами газогеохимического мониторинга и позволяют обсуждать наличие сейсмозависимого газогеохимического режима не только газонасыщенных осадков, но и толщи вод Японского моря

Geochemical features of Sakhalin Island mud volcanoes

The study, based on a complex geochemical research, found that the composition of the most chemical elements in mud breccia from the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsky (YSMV) and Pugachevsky (PMV) mud volcanoes (Sakhalin Island), the unique phenomena of endogenous defluidization in the Hokkaido-Sakhalin fold system (alpine-type folding), are comparable to Clark (C) contents of these elements (0.8-1.2 ×C). For Na, Li, Zn andSn, the ratio between the elemental contentsand their Clarke values (Csample/Clark value) vary from 1.4 to 5.2 xC. But the increased contents of Na and Li are due to the ascending endogenous fluid revealed. Study of the mud breccia chemical composition changes in different explosive activity of YSMV under the seismic activity variationsallowed to establish that, when the mud-volcanic gryphonsare activated against the background of increase in the temperature of the water-mud mixture and the emission of spontaneous gases, the contents of a number of elements (iron, calcium, manganese, rare earth elements, etc.) are decreased. This is explained by the formation of soluble hydrocarbonate complexes. Daginskiegasgeothermal system (DGHS) trace elements depletedooze samples were compared with YSMV and PMVsamples and exposedthat thehigh ratios of Csample /Clarke values for the majority of elements do not exceed 0.6 × C.Ooze samples from DGHS having higher elemental contents than Clark contents were observed only for Cd content (2.2-3.4 ×C) and Pb (0.7-1.5 ×C). Analysis of diatom flora on the DGHS site indicates the existence of an active fluid dynamic system that drains oil and gas bearing complexes. The factors determining the "weighting" of the methane carbon isotope composition in the southern part of Sakhalin Island are the increased seismic activity of deep-seated faults, as well as the presence of intrusions (diabase) and metamorphically altered rocks.References Aliyev A.A., Guliyev I.S., Rakhmanov R.R., 2009. Catalog of eruptions of Azerbaijan mud volcanoes (1810-2007). Baku Nafta-Press, 109p. Astakhov A.S., et al., 2002. Defluitization process dynamic of the Central Sakhalin fault at seismic activization (by monitoring results of the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsky mud volcano in July - August 2001) DAN 2002, 386(2), 223-228. Decisions of operational interdepartmental regional stratigraphical meetings on the Paleogene and Neogene of east regions of Russia-Kamchatka, Koryak Upland, Sakhalin and Kuril Islands, 1998. An explanatory note to stratigraphical schemes. Responsible editor Gladenkov Y.B. Moscow GEOS, 147p. Diatomic algae of the USSR (fossil and modern), 1974. Leningrad Nauka, 1(1), 404p. Dubinin A.V., 2006. Geochemistry of rare-earth elements in the ocean. Moscow Nauka, 360p. Ershov V.V., Shakirov R.B., Obzhirov A.I., 2011. Isotope and geochemical characteristics of the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsky mud volcano free gases and their connection with regional seismicity. DAN, 440(2), 256-261. Fedorov Y.N., et al., 2012. Crude oil microelement characteristic of Vogulkinsky and Tyumen basins oil and gas area: comparison. Lithosphere, 2, 141-151. Geology of the USSR, 33. Sakhalin Island/Under the edited by Sidorenko A.V. Moscow Nedra, 1970, 464p. Grigoriev N. A., 2008. About clark content of chemical elements in the top part of continental crust. Lithosphere 1, 61-71. Thesis: 11.00.00. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, IMGG FEB RAS, 244p. Hasle G.R., Syvertsen E.E., 1996. Marine diatoms. Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. San Diego, Academic Press, 5-385. Horita J., 2001. Carbon isotope exchange in the system CO2-CH4 at elevated temperatures. Geochimica et Cosmochimca Acta, 65, 1907-1919. Kholodov V.N., 2002. Mud volcanoes: distribution regularities and genesis. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 3, 227-22001.41. Kopf A.J., 2002. Significance of mud volcanism. Rev. Geophys, 40(2), 2-1-2-52. Liu Chia-Chuan, et al., 2013. The geochemical characteristics of the mud liquids in the Wushanting and Hsiaokunshui Mud Volcano region in southern Taiwan: Implications of humic substances for binding and mobilization of arsenic. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 128, 62-71. Lobodenko I.Y., 2010. Holocenic tectonic deformations (paleoseismodislocations) in zones of the Hokkaido-Sakhalin and Central Sakhalin faults. Candidate of geological and mineralogical science thesis. Moscow, 22p. Melnikov O.A., 1987. Structure and geodynamics of the Hokkaido-Sakhalin folded region. Moscow Nauka, 93p. Melnikov O.A., 2011. About dynamics and nature of Pugachevsky group the gaswaterclastic ("mud") volcanoes on Sakhalin according to visual observations and an orohydrography. Volcanology and Seismology, 6, 47-59. Melnikov O.A., Ershov V.V., Kim Chong Un, etc., 2008.  About the mud spring activity dynamic of the gaswaterclastic ("mud") volcanoes and its connection with seismicity on the example of the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsky volcano (Sakhalin Island). Pacific Geology 27(5), 25-41. Melnikov O.A., Iliev A.Y., 1989. About new manifestations of mud volcanism on Sakhalin Island. Pacific geology 3, 42-48. Milkov, A.V., 2000. Worldwide distribution of submarine mud volcanoes and associated gas hydrates. Marine Geology 167, 29-42. Oreshkin V.N., Gordeev V.V., 1983. Geochemistry of cadmium and plumbum in suspension of the rivers of Black, Azov and Caspian Sea areas. Geochemistry, 4, 603-613. Petelin V.P., 1957. Mineralogy of sand-aleurite fractions in the Sea of Okhotsk marine sediments. Proceedings of Oceanology Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences, XXII. Prasolov E.M., 1990. Isotope geochemistry and origin of natural gases. St. Petersburg: Nedra, 283p. Shakirov R.B., 2016. Gasgeochemical fields of the marginal seas on the Far Eastern Region: distribution, origin, relations to the geological structures, gashydrates and seismo-tectonics. Dissertation of Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (Dr.Sci.). POI FEB RAS, Vladivostok 459p. (In Russian). Shakirov R.B., Syrbu N.C., Obzhirov A.I., 2012. Isotope and gas-geochemical features of methane and carbon dioxide distribution on Sakhalin Island and adjacent shelf of the Okhotsk Sea. Bulletin of KRAESC Earth Sciences, 2(20), 100-113. Shnyukov E.V., et al., 1992. Mud volcanism of the Kerch and Tamansky region. Kiev, Naukova dumka, 200p. Siryk I.M., 1968. Oil and gas content of the east slopes of the West Sakhalin mountains. Moscow: Nauka, 8-14. Sorochinskaya A.V., et al., 2008. Geochemical and mineralogical features of mud volcanoes of Sakhalin Island. Bulletin of FEB RAS, 4, 58-65. Veselov О.V., Soinov V.V., 1997. Tektonosphere geodynamics of conjaction zone of the Pacific Ocean with Eurasia. Yuzhno Sakhalinsk: IMGG FEB RAS 4, 153-176. Veselov O.V., Volgin P.F., Lutaya L.M., 2012.  Structure of the Pugachevsky mud-volcano sedimentary cover (Sakhalin Island) by geophysical modeling data. Pacific Geology, 31(6), 4-15. Vinogradov A.P., 1962. Average contents of chemical elements in the main types the igneous rocks. Geochemistry, 7, 555-571. Yakubov A.A., et al., 1980. Mud volcanism of the Soviet Union and its connection with oil-and-gas content. Baku, 165p. Zharov A.E., Mitrofanova L.I., Tuzov V.P., 2013. Stratigraphy of Cainozoic sedoiments of the Northern Sakhalin shelf. Stratigraphy, Geological correlation 21(5), 72-93

Оценка биоэнергетики сокращения миокарда в условиях механической поддержки кровообращения

Aim: to develop a new modified index for the assessment of bioenergy heart in conditions of heart failure. To assess the energy of the heart when using systems to bypass the left ventricle of the heart using non-pulsed flow pumps. To consider the fundamental advantage of non-pulsating flow pumps with the generation of a pulsating flow in the cardio-synchronized copulsation mode over the counterpulsation mode.Цель: разработать новый модифицированный индекс для оценки биоэнергетики сокращения сердца в условиях сердечной недостаточности при механической поддержке кровообращения. Провести оценку биоэнергетики сердца при использовании систем обхода левого желудочка сердца с использованием насосов непульсирующего потока. Рассмотреть принципиальное преимущество насосов непульсирующего потока с генерацией пульсирующего потока в режиме кардиосинхронизированной сопульсации перед режимом контрпульсации

Оценка эффективности новой системы генерации пульсирующего потока в роторных насосах вспомогательного кровообращения. Исследование на математической модели

Objective: to study the effect of a pulsatile flow-generation (PFG) device on the basic hemodynamic parameters of the circulatory system using a mathematical model.Results. Modelling and simulation showed that the use of PFG significantly (76%) increases aortic pulse pressure. The proposed mathematical model adequately describes the dynamics of the circulatory system and metabolism (oxygen debt) on physical activity in normal conditions and heart failure, and the use of non-pulsatile and pulsatile circulatory-assist systems. The mathematical model also shows that the use of PFG device blocks the development of rarefaction in the left ventricular cavity associated with a mismatch of blood inflow and outflow in diastolic phase when there is need to increase systemic blood flow by increasing the rotary pump speed.Цель работы: на математической модели исследовать влияние устройства генерации пульсирующего потока (ГПП) на основные гемодинамические параметры системы кровообращения.Результаты. В результате моделирования показано значительное (76%) увеличение пульсового давления в аорте при использовании ГПП. Предложенная математическая модель адекватно описывает динамику системы кровообращения и метаболизма (кислородный долг) на физическую нагрузку в условиях нормы и сердечной недостаточности и применения непульсируюшей и пульсирующей системы вспомогательного кровообращения. На математической модели показано также, что применение устройства ГПП блокирует развитие разрежения в полости левого желудочка, связанного с несоответствием притока и оттока крови в диастолической фазе, при необходимости увеличения системного кровотока за счет повышения скорости роторного насоса