Fast and simple method of morphine extraction from the blood

Wstęp/Materiał i metody. W badaniu oceniano wydajność ekstrakcji morfiny z krwi pełnej metodą ciecz-ciecz za pomocą 3 układów rozpuszczalników organicznych. Wyniki. Najwyższy procent odzysku morfiny z krwi (92,5%) obserwowano, stosując mieszaninę izopropanolu i chloroformu (9:1), natomiast niższy, choć nadal zadowalający, gdy używano acetonitrylu (72,7%) lub dichlorometanu (67,1%). Wnioski. Izolacja morfiny z krwi pełnej za pomocą ekstrakcji ciecz-ciecz z zastosowaniem mieszaniny izopropanolu i chloroformu jest metodą szybką, wydajną i łatwą do przeprowadzenia w każdym laboratorium.Background/Material and methods. In this study we evaluated the efficiency of morphine extraction from the whole blood by liquid-liquid methods using three types of organic solvents. Results. The highest average recovery rate was observed for the 9:1 mixture of isopropanol and chloroform (92.5%). Lower, but still satisfactory, recovery rate was observed for acetonitril (72.7%) and dichloromethane (67.1%). Conclusions. Isolation of morphine from the whole blood by simple solvent extraction with isopropanol-chloroform mixture is fast, efficient and easily accessible for each laboratory

Development of rotor construction of cutting mills

W pracy przedstawiono analizę rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych współczesnych układów roboczych młynów nożowych, oraz dokonano oceny przyjętych rozwiązań w oparciu o relacje pomiędzy wydajnością rozdrabniania a zainstalowaną mocą silnika. Zaprezentowane analizy wskazały, że różnice w konstrukcji wirnika mają decydujący wpływ na przeznaczenie młyna nożowego.In the paper the analysis of rotor construction of cutting mills is present The aim of investigations was to determine an influence of rotor constr tion on the relation between cutting mill capacity and driving power. ( tained results indicated that rotor construction differences had a decis influence on cutting mill functioning

The Microcellular Structure of Injection Molded Thick-Walled Parts as Observed by In-Line Monitoring

The aim of the study was to detect the influence of nitrogen pressure on the rheological properties and structure of PA66 GF30 thick-walled parts, produced by means of microcellular injection molding (MIM), using the MuCell® technology. The process was monitored in-line with pressure and temperature sensors assembled in the original injection mold. The measured data was subsequently used to evaluate rheological properties inside an 8.4 mm depth mold cavity. The analysis of the microcellular structure was related to the monitored in-line pressure and temperature changes during the injection process cycle. A four-times reduction of the maximum filling pressure in the mold cavity for MIM was found. At the same time, the holding pressure was taken over by expanding cells. The gradient effect of the cells distribution and the fiber arrangement in the flow direction were observed. A slight influence of nitrogen pressure on the cells size was found. Cells with a diameter lower than 20 µm dominate in the analyzed cases. An effect of reduction of the average cells size in the function of distance to the gate was observed. The creation of structure gradient and changes of cells dimensions were evaluated by SEM images and confirmed with the micro CT analysis

Research on cutting process of selected porous thermoplastics

Przedstawiono wybrane wyniki badania cięcia nożowego tworzyw porowatych na przykładzie wytłoczyn z poli(chlorku winylu) i polistyrenu. Stwierdzono, że zawartość fazy gazowej w strukturze polimerów ma istotny wpływ na obciążenie układu roboczego rozdrabniacza. Wraz ze wzrostem ilości poroforów podział materiału przez cięcie zachodzi przy mniejszej wartości siły tnącej. Korzystnym rozwiązaniem pod względem zużycia energii na pojedyncze przecięcie jest zastosowanie noża ruchomego o kącie ostrza 30°.Selected results of knife cutting of porous materials exemplified by extrudates of poly(vinyl chloride) and polystyrene are presented. It was found that a content of porous phase in the structure of polymers has a significant influence on the working system of cutting mill. A volume reduction by cutting at a lower cutting force occurs together with the increase of amount of blowing agent material. Advantageous solution in terms of energy consumption on a single cut is the application of movable knife with blade angle of 30°

Improving the effectiveness of the mechanical recycling processes of thermoplastics with a porous structure

Przedstawiono uwarunkowania techniczne związane z realizacją procesów składowych recyklingu mechanicznego porowatych tworzyw termoplastycznych. Wskazano na istotny wpływ rodzaju i postaci odpadów porowatych na efektywność przebiegu procesów cięcia, rozdrabniania, dozowania, a także wtórnego przetwórstwa wtryskowego. Wykazano, że odpowiedni dobór warunków technicznych umożliwia wytworzenie wyprasek wtórnych z pominięciem fazy docisku i etapu regranulowania recyklatów.The paper presents technical conditions related to the implementation of component processes of mechanical recycling of thermoplastic materials with a porous structure. Significant influence of the type and form of porous waste on the efficiency of the processes of their cutting, grinding, dosing and also of secondary injection molding process was indicated. It has been shown that by appropriate selection of technical conditions, it is possible to produce molding parts, without the use the holding phase in the secondary injection molding and with complete elimination re-extrusion process

Mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polyamide produced by CFF method (Continuous Filament Fabrication)

The study presents the influence of content and orientation of continuous carbon fibers (CF) on the static tensile test results of a polyamide matrix (PA) composite, produced using Continuous Filament Fabrication (CFF) technology. Taking the polyamide’s crystalline structure into account, an attempt was also made to produce test specimens under various temperature conditions of the device chamber. The test samples were produced in use of the Mark Two device (Markforged, Great Britain). It has been shown that the content and orientation of the reinforcement in relation to the direction of stresses generated during the static tensile test, has a significant impact on the parameters determined in this test. The dependence presented in the article, confirms that materials in a thermoplastic matrix, reinforced with continuous fibers are a topic in line with the topic of current trends in fields of material engineering and design of structural products. The conducted research proves that the temperature in the working chamber of the Mark Two device affects formation of mechanical properties of PA+CF composites, fabricated using CFF technology. Manufacturing composites at elevated temperature resulted in significant decrease of E and Rm values for 4 out of five tests performed, but a considerable increase in their relative elongation at break was noticed

Effects of physical foaming of PA66 + 30%GF thick-walled parts

The paper presents the effect of gas dosing parameters on the microporous structure of physically foamed polyamide 66 reinforced with 30 wt% of glass fibers (PA66 + 30% GF). The thick-walled molding was used as the research object. To realize the research aim, simulation software was applied. The variable parameter in a research program was a dose of supercritical fluid, in this case, nitrogen. The tested properties of a cellular structure were: cell size, cell density and local density of a material. All the parameters were considered based on 30 measurement points evenly distributed in the central zone of the sample’s cross-sectional area. The largest size of pores was observed in the core region of molding for every amount of supercritical (SCF) fluid used. It was shown that regardless of the amount of gas, the pore size increases as a function of the distance from the mold cavity surface until it achieves a constant value. However, the most rapid increase was observed in the case of the smallest amount of gas dosed (0.25 wt%) which also resulted in the largest pore size in the core zone of a molding. The lowest value of cell density was noticed for 0.25 wt% of gas used. In the case of 0.5 wt%, 0.75 wt% and 1 wt% of gas dosed, results of cell size, as well as cell density, were comparable. However, dosing 1 wt% of gas resulted in obtaining the finest structure, characterized by the smallest pore size and highest cell density. As a parameter resulting from a cell size and cell density, the local density of material was analyzed. The lowest value of local density in the core area was noticed for 0.25 wt% of SCF dosed

A feeder for precise material dosage in the research of polymer material cutting process

W pracy przedstawiono założenia konstrukcyjne, budowę i zasadę działania podajnika do kontrolowanego przemieszczania próbek w zastosowaniu do procesów cięcia tworzyw polimerowych. Wykazano zasadność podjętych prac konstrukcyjnych i wykonawczych. Dzięki zautomatyzowaniu pracy dozowania próbek, uzyskano bardzo mały rozrzut wyników siły cięcia na nożu stałym i ruchomym. Próby testowe przeprowadzono dla próbek wtryskowych z polietylenu małej gęstości.The paper presents design assumptions, construction and operation prin-ciple of a feeder for the controlled sample displacement used in polymer material cutting processes. The relevance of undertaken constructional and executive activities was proven. Thanks to sample dosage automation, a small discrepancy of results of cutting force on the fixed and moving knives was obtained. The tests were carried out for injection moulded samples made of low-density polyethylen

Ansys-Polyflow software use as CAE tool for the production of vacuum-thermoformed packaging

Pomocnym narzędziem w uzyskaniu cienkościennych wytworów formowanych próżniowo są programy numeryczne. W pracy przedstawiono przykładowe zastosowanie oprogramowania Polyflow do ustalenia korzystnego rozkładu temperatury podczas nagrzewania arkusza formowanego próżniowo, z punktu widzenia uzyskania założonej grubości końcowej ścianki cienkościennego wytworu. Badania numeryczne zrealizowane w 4 etapach pozwoliły na uzyskanie wytworu o mniejszym rozrzucie grubości.Numerical programs are useful tool in the determination of design features of thin-wall vacuum thermoformed products. The paper presents examples of Polyflow software application in the determination of advantageous temperature distribution in a vacuum-formed sheet considering the assumed thickness of final thin-wall packaging. Numerical investigations carried out in four stages allowed one to obtain a product with a smaller scatter of wall thickness