Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression and Mutational Analysis in Synovial Sarcomas and Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140003/1/onco0459.pd

Jealousy Protest

In this article, nascent jealousy’s ultimate foundation is theorized as an adapted psychological mechanism that evolved in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA) to prepare 1-year-olds for defending against premature weaning upon the closely spaced birth of a sibling. This position rests on evidence that nascent jealousy is expressed through jealousy protest , a constellation of caregiver-directed protests and bids for exclusive attention, and evidence that its onset occurs at approximately 9 months of age. Given that the period of human gestation is 9 months, we propose that jealousy protest’s form and timing were compelled by the possibility that the end of an infant’s first year could be met by competition with a newborn sibling. That possibility placed infants at risk of malnutrition and mortality due to entailing the loss of exclusive access to mother’s milk, while infants were at an age when they were still heavily reliant on breast milk for survival. At this juncture, threat posed by the birth of a sibling was compounded by conditions of the EEA, where the sole viable source of breast milk was an infant’s mother, and her supply of milk was sufficient for sustaining only one child at a time. We conclude by offering suggestions for future research and discuss implications for the theory of parent–offspring conflict as a foundation of adaptations in children

Depressed Mothers' Neonates Improve Following the MABI and a Brazelton Demonstration

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a short-term intervention for improving interaction behaviors of newborn infants with their depressed mothers. Method: Depressed mothers assigned to the experimental group first observed an administration of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) at delivery. Mothers then used a similar instrument, the Mother's Assessment of the Behavior of her Infant (MABI), to independently conduct NBAS-like infant as-sessments periodically at home. Depressed mothers in the control group were not present when the NBAS was administered at delivery, and they periodically completed written assessments at home of their parent-ing attitudes and infants ' development. Results: One-month NBAS assessments administered by an examiner revealed that experimental group infants performed more optimally than controls on Social Interaction and State Organization. Conclusions: Findings suggested that an intervention consisting of mothers taking part in NBAS/MABI assessments may be a simple and cost-effective technique for benefiting infants of depressed mothers during the early postpartum period

Atypical expressions of jealousy in infants of intrusive- and withdrawn-depressed mothers

To determine whether atypical jealousy responses in infants of depressed mothers are differentiated by maternal nonoptimal interactive profiles, 12-month-old infants of intrusive-depressed and withdrawn-depressed mothers were observed with their mothers and a stranger in two contexts. In the first, infants were fully ignored in a less stressful context in which the adults focused on a picture book. In the second, infants were fully ignored in a more stressful, jealousy-inducement context, in which the adults attended to an infant-like doll. Cross-context comparisons revealed that the jealousy-inducement condition was associated with infants of intrusive-depressed mothers demonstrating greater play, and lesser proximal and distal behaviors toward their mothers. In contrast, the jealousy-inducement condition was associated with infants of withdrawn-depressed mothers directing greater proximal contacts toward the stranger. This investigation identified that as early as infancy, dysregulated expressions of jealousy are differentiated by depressed mothers' nonoptimal interactive patterns. Findings of this preliminary study call for investigative attention to this uncharted area of inquiry into mental health, and specifically, works addressing the importance of maternal characteristics to the unfolding of normative and atypical jealousy in infancy

Smoking Cravings Are Reduced by Self-Massage

Background. Attempts at smoking cessation have been correlated with severe withdrawal symptoms, including intense cigarette cravings, anxiety, and depressed mood. Massage therapy has been shown to reduce anxiety and stress hormones and improve mood. Method. Twenty adult smokers (Mage = 32.6) were randomly assigned to a self-massage treatment or a control group. The treatment group was taught to conduct a hand or ear self-massage during three cravings a day for 1 month. Results. Self-reports revealed lower anxiety scores, improved mood, and fewer withdrawal symptoms. In addition, the self-massage group smoked fewer cigarettes per day by the last week of the study. Conclusions. The present findings suggest that self-massage may be an effective adjunct treatment for adults attempting smoking cessation to alleviate smoking-related anxiety, reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms, improve mood, and reduce the number of cigarettes smoked

One-Year-Old Infants of Intrusive and Withdrawn Depressed Mothers

This study examined behaviors of intrusive/depressed versus withdrawn/depressed mothers and their one-year-old infants during a structured teaching interaction. Group comparisons revealed that intrusive/depressed mothers showed more positive responses, more demonstrating toys, and more physical guidance, and their infants demonstrated less toy manipulation. Withdrawn/depressed mothers maintained infant play more frequently and showed more restricted affect, and their infants demonstrated less affective behavior, both positive and negative. These findings suggested that exposure to depressed mothers' nonoptimal interaction styles represents different types of risk to infants' cognitive and affective development