11 research outputs found
E.S.R. of Spin-trapped Radicals in Gamma-irradiated Aqueous Solutions of Nucleic Acids and Their Constituents
Enzymatic Digestion of DNA γ-irradiated in Aqueous Solution Separation of the Digests by Ion-exchange Chromatography
Alluvial stratigraphic evidence for channel incision during the Mediaeval Warm Period on the central Great Plains, USA
Hypopigmenting agents: an updated review on biological, chemical and clinical aspects.
An overview of agents causing hypopigmentation in human skin is presented. The review is organized to put forward groups of biological and chemical agents. Their mechanisms of action cover (i) tyrosinase inhibition, maturation and enhancement of its degradation; (ii) Mitf inhibition; (iii) downregulation of MC1R activity; (iv) interference with melanosome maturation and transfer; (v) melanocyte loss, desquamation and chemical peeling. Tyrosinase inhibition is the most common approach to achieve skin hypopigmentation as this enzyme catalyses the rate-limiting step of pigmentation. Despite the large number of tyrosinase inhibitors in vitro, only a few are able to induce effects in clinical trials. The gap between in-vitro and in-vivo studies suggests that innovative strategies are needed for validating their efficacy and safety. Successful treatments need the combination of two or more agents acting on different mechanisms to achieve a synergistic effect. In addition to tyrosinase inhibition, other parameters related to cytotoxicity, solubility, cutaneous absorption, penetration and stability of the agents should be considered. The screening test system is also very important as keratinocytes play an active role in modulating melanogenesis within melanocytes. Mammalian skin or at least keratinocytes/melanocytes co-cultures should be preferred rather than pure melanocyte cultures or soluble tyrosinase.Journal ArticleReviewSCOPUS: re.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe