A How-To Guide for Incorporating a Nonprofit Organization

Forming a nonprofit can be a daunting task and is a detailed operation. It involves a great deal of paperwork, time, effort and devotion by its founders, founding board and initial stakeholders. However, the satisfaction of contributing to an organization and being part of a change movement can be extremely rewarding. Hopefully this booklet has provided you with information to consider in the beginning phases in the life of a nonprofit organization and has helped to familiarize you with the process and requirements involved in both the incorporation and obtaining tax-exempt status. While this booklet does not address every detail, it is designed to guide you through the legal and procedural hoops and over the hurdles of incorporating as a nonprofit

Study of wavelength-shifting chemicals for use in large-scale water Cherenkov detectors

Cherenkov detectors employ various methods to maximize light collection at the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). These generally involve the use of highly reflective materials lining the interior of the detector, reflective materials around the PMTs, or wavelength-shifting sheets around the PMTs. Recently, the use of water-soluble wavelength-shifters has been explored to increase the measurable light yield of Cherenkov radiation in water. These wave-shifting chemicals are capable of absorbing light in the ultravoilet and re-emitting the light in a range detectable by PMTs. Using a 250 L water Cherenkov detector, we have characterized the increase in light yield from three compounds in water: 4-Methylumbelliferone, Carbostyril-124, and Amino-G Salt. We report the gain in PMT response at a concentration of 1 ppm as: 1.88 $\pm$ 0.02 for 4-Methylumbelliferone, stable to within 0.5% over 50 days, 1.37 $\pm$ 0.03 for Carbostyril-124, and 1.20 $\pm$ 0.02 for Amino-G Salt. The response of 4-Methylumbelliferone was modeled, resulting in a simulated gain within 9% of the experimental gain at 1 ppm concentration. Finally, we report an increase in neutron detection performance of a large-scale (3.5 kL) gadolinium-doped water Cherenkov detector at a 4-Methylumbelliferone concentration of 1 ppm.Comment: 7 pages, 9 figures, Submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods

Priority Between Morgagee and Creditor of Mortgagor in an Unrecorded Chattle Mortgage

The interpretation of this statute by the Washington Supreme Court has not always been uniform or certain. In determining the priority of the respective claims of a mortgagee under a defective mortgage and of a creditor of the mortgagor, several questions may be raised which can not be answered with certainty as the law stands today

A comparison of soil and corn kernel Aspergillus flavus populations: evidence for niche specialization

Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that infects peanuts, cotton, corn and tree nuts. Aspergillus flavus is a major problem globally due to the production of acutely toxic and carcinogenic aflatoxins. Louisiana climatic conditions lead to annual threats of corn aflatoxin contamination. The purpose of this study was to determine the specific ability of different strains of A. flavus to infect corn. Five soil samples and 10 corn ears were collected from each of seven corn fields throughout Louisiana. In addition, Francis Deville of Monsanto Company collected 7, 6, 2, and 4 soil samples and corn ears from four additional fields in Louisiana. Six hundred twelve and 255 A. flavus colonies were isolated from the corn and soil samples, respectively. Isolates were characterized by vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs), sclerotia size, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production, mating type and 8 simple sequence repeat loci polymorphisms. Eighty-eight percent of corn isolates belonged to two VCGs, whereas only 5% of soil isolates belonged to the same two VCGs. Ninety-five percent of corn isolates did not produce any sclerotia, whereas 56% and 41% of soil isolates produced small and large sclerotia, respectively. The mean AFB1 production on rice for corn kernel isolates was 2314 ± 7455 ppb and 10248 ± 11430 ppb for the soil isolates. Ninety-six percent of corn isolates were in the Mat1-2 mating type whereas only 52% of soil isolates were Mat1-2. SSR fingerprints revealed 26 haplotypes in the corn sample isolates and 78 in the soil sample isolates. All characteristics differed significantly between the soil and the corn kernel populations. Differences between the corn and soil populations indicate that not all soil isolates are as capable of infecting corn and that some isolates have become specialized to infect corn. Further understanding of virulence of A. flavus is important for the development of a better biocontrol against toxigenic A. flavus and possibly more resistant hybrids of corn

Letter from James A. Sweany to John Muir, 1863 Mar 6

Portage Friday evening, March 6 \u2763Friend Muir, I have arrived here safe and sound after a day\u27s rough riding, and just in time to take the letter out of the P.O. that my father mailed for me today. I was right in my conjective that it would have arrived there tomorrow evening. I think also that you will not be disappointed if you shall expect me from home by tomorrow night for when I went up to your [illegible] to deliver the book and letter they said that they had mailed a letter for you - I now send you the two dollars that I borrowed from you, and with them my most grateful thanks for the favor. Write to me if you can make it convenient and pardon me for sending such horrible hand writing to you, for I assure that it is the best that I can produce under the circumstances My hands being perfectly numb after riding all day in the cold Yours in friendship [Pas. A. Sweany?]

A comparison of the neutron detection efficiency and response characteristics of two pixelated PSD-capable organic scintillator detectors with different photo-detection readout methods

We characterize the performance of two pixelated neutron detectors: a PMT-based array that utilizes Anger logic for pixel identification and a SiPM-based array that employs individual pixel readout. The SiPM-based array offers improved performance over the previously developed PMT-based detector both in terms of uniformity and neutron detection efficiency. Each detector array uses PSD-capable plastic scintillator as a detection medium. We describe the calibration and neutron efficiency measurement of both detectors using a $^{137}$Cs source for energy calibration and a $^{252}$Cf source for calibration of the neutron response. We find that the intrinsic neutron detection efficiency of the SiPM-based array is ($30.2 \ \pm \ 1.7$)\%, which is almost twice that of the PMT-based array, which we measure to be ($16.9 \pm 0.2$)\%

Supervised practice in vocational agriculture in Iowa

Instruction in vocational agriculture in the secondary schools of the state is carried on under the provisions of federal legislation, embodied in national vocational education acts. The first of these acts, popularly known as the Smith-Hughes Act, was passed in 1917 and is still in force. The latest, the George Dean Act, which increases substantially the amount of the federal subsidy provided in the act of 1917 and extends its provisions to include additional vocations, became operative in 1938. Because of its comparative newness, the program in vocational agriculture is not generally well understood or appreciated except in communities where the work has been carried on successfully for a number of years. Attempts to acquaint the general public with the program have been scattered and sporadic, with the result that the current ideas concerning it have been acquired by hearsay or long-range observation and consequently are not always accurate or adequate

A Note on Neutron Capture Correlation Signals, Backgrounds, and Efficiencies

A wide variety of detection applications exploit the timing correlations that result from the slowing and eventual capture of neutrons. These include capture-gated neutron spectrometry, multiple neutron counting for fissile material detection and identification, and antineutrino detection. There are several distinct processes that result in correlated signals in these applications. Depending on the application, one class of correlated events can be a background that is difficult to distinguish from the class that is of interest. Furthermore, the correlation timing distribution depends on the neutron capture agent and detector geometry. Here, we explain the important characteristics of the neutron capture timing distribution, making reference to simulations and data from a number of detectors currently in use or under development. We point out several features that may assist in background discrimination, and that must be carefully accounted for if accurate detection efficiencies are to be quoted.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures; Submitted to Nuclear Instrument and Methods