A review of the literature exploring the occupation of contemporary pilgrimage

Contemporary pilgrimage is a multi-dimensional, diverse and evolving occupation, not limited to overtly religious intentions or practices, which has not been explored in the occupational science literature. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the scholarly discourse as an important initial step toward understanding the occupation of pilgrimage and its impact on well-being. The discovery process within the literature was strategically refined yielding occupational science\u27s first view of this expanding field of enquiry. This paper introduces the scope of the topic, defines key terms and explores the range of participation in contemporary pilgrimage. International evidence of increased popular interest and participation in pilgrimage is discussed, and the interdisciplinary evidence of the benefits to health and well-being experienced by pilgrims is summarised. This paper argues that occupational science could take a leading role in investigating the relationship between participation in pilgrimage and the experience of well-being for a range of people and populations.<br /

Chemical tuning of electroluminescent copolymers to improve emission efficiencies and allow patterning

ONE advantage of using conjugated polymers in semiconductor applications is that they can be processed using techniques well established for conventional polymers. We reported recently that poly(p-phenylenevinylene) could be used as the active layer in a light-emitting diode 1, producing yellow/green emission. We have now found that related copolymers, comprising a combination of different arylene units, can be chemically tuned to provide a range of materials with considerably improved properties for this and other applications. By incorporating two different leaving groups into a precursor copolymer, we can selectively eliminate one of these, to give a conjugated/non-conjugated copolymer, or both, to give a fully conjugated copolymer. This allows us to induce local variations in the pi-pi* electronic energy gap at both the molecular and supramolecular level. Variations at the molecular level can act to trap excitons, hindering their migration to quenching sites, and we find that these materials give strongly enhanced quantum yields for electroluminescence (by a factor of up to 30). They also allow control of the colour of emission. Variations at the supramolecular level, by patterning the films to control the progress of conversion, allow the production of structures suitable for multicolour displays. The ability to pattern the film also allows for fabrication of optical waveguides, as regions with different energy gaps have different refractive indices.</p