Expression of β-defensin gene in potato confers enhanced resistance to Ralstonia Solanacearum L.

An optimized methodology of Agrobacterium-mediated stable genetic transformation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) using the shoot organogenesis potential of internodal stem segments for increased resistance to bacterial plant pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum L. was developed. Improvised plant regeneration protocol for expression of antimicrobial β-defensin transgene and efficient selection of tissues in plant selectable marker, kanamycin sulphate was successfully utilized for transformation of potato.  Stable integration and expression of antimicrobial peptide was observed in plant tissues and validated by associated molecular analysis by RT PCR, Southern hybridization, northern hybridization and western blotting of the infected tissues. The bacterial wilt disease progression was monitored in controlled greenhouse and Percent Disease Index (PDI) was measured by analysis of variance (ANOVA) that selected superior resistant plants. These transformed plants were able to contain the disease progression and complete the life cycle stages and developed healthy tubers

Unicyclic graphs with bicyclic inverses

summary:A graph is nonsingular if its adjacency matrix $A(G)$ is nonsingular. The inverse of a nonsingular graph $G$ is a graph whose adjacency matrix is similar to $A(G)^{-1}$ via a particular type of similarity. Let $\mathcal {H}$ denote the class of connected bipartite graphs with unique perfect matchings. Tifenbach and Kirkland (2009) characterized the unicyclic graphs in $\mathcal {H}$ which possess unicyclic inverses. We present a characterization of unicyclic graphs in $\mathcal {H}$ which possess bicyclic inverses

Zinc Oxide Nanostructures Synthesized by Oxidization of Zinc

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a unique material that exhibits semiconducting as well as piezoelectric properties. Oxidation of pure metallic Zinc at low temperatures of 500-600oC for 2 h has resulted in a range of nanostructures of ZnO on the surface of metallic Zinc. These unique nanostructures clearly demonstrate that ZnO has a very rich family of nanostructures. These nanostructures could have applications in a wide range of areas like optoelectronics, sensors, transducers and biomedical sciences. In this article the various nanostructures of ZnO grown by the low temperature oxidation of metallic Zn has been reported. The structure and morphology of ZnO formed by oxidation of high purity metallic Zn at high temperatures (700-1000oC) was also analyzed. Oxidation of metallic Zn at higher temperatures of 700-1000oC for 2 h has resulted in a ZnO having a completely different needle like morphology. The change in the structure of ZnO formed on the surface of the metallic Zn as it was oxidized at different temperatures from 300 to 1000oC for 2 h is reported here. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction were performed in order to determine the composition of the nanostructures and the needle like structures