Task-switch costs subsequent to cue-only trials

Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Fiona Carr, Carmen Horne, and Brigitta Toth for assistance with data collection. Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Funding information The authors would like to thank the School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, for contributing funding for participant payments.Peer reviewedPostprin

What Determines a Task-Switch Cost After Selectively Inhibiting a Response?

The present study was supported in part by the Economic and Social Research Council (ES/R005613/1). For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising. Raw experimental data and supplemental materials are available for reanalysis purposes from the Open Science Framework project page (https://osf.io/c8hw7/) or from UK Data ServicePreprin

Event related potentials reveal that increasing perceptual load leads to increased responses for target stimuli and decreased responses for irrelevant stimuli

This Document is Protected by copyright and was first published by Frontiers. All rights reserved. It is reproduced with permission.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Preparing a task is sufficient to generate a subsequent task-switch cost affecting task performance

This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council [grant number ES/R005613/1] and was previously presented at a meeting of the Experimental Psychology Society (Bournemouth, UK, July 2019). For the purpose of open access, the authors have applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising. The data are available at https://reshare.ukdataservice.ac.uk/854364/. Analysis code and research materials are available at https://osf.io/d3r8z/. The preregistration document is available at https://aspredicted.org/t4vx2.pdf. We would like to thank Madhuri Thakur, Milena Gimadieva and Vasilena Voynikova for assistance with data collection.Peer reviewedPostprin

The simultaneous extraction of multiple social categories from unfamiliar faces

The research was supported by an award from the Experimental Psychology Society's Small Grant scheme.Peer reviewedPostprin

The effect of performing versus preparing a task on the subsequent switch cost

Open Access via Springer Compact Agreement. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Suzanne Wilson for help with data collection (Expt. 1). Data were analysed and graphed using R (R Core Team, 2013). R packages used were as follows: afex (Singmann, Bolker, Westfall, and Aust, 2017); BayesFactor (Morey and Rouder, 2018); dplyr (Wickham and Francois, 2016); ggplot2 (Wickham, 2009); reshape (Wickham, 2007); tidyr (Wickham, 2017). Funding Experiments 2 and 3 were funded by a small grant from the Experimental Psychology Society, which provided bursaries for KK and AR as well as participant payments.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Task cues lead to item-level backward inhibition with univalent stimuli and responses

Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.Peer reviewedPostprin

Investigating task preparation and task performance as triggers of the backward inhibition effect

Backward inhibition is posited to aid task switching by counteracting the tendency to repeat a recent task. Evidence that factors such as cue transparency affect backward inhibition seems to imply that it is generated during task preparation, making its absence following trials on which a prepared task was not performed (nogo trials) surprising. However, the nogo method used in previous studies might have prevented detection of preparation-driven effects. We used a truncated-trial method instead, omitting stages of a trial with no need for a nogo signal. In Experiment 1, an n – 2 repetition cost (suggested to indicate backward inhibition) followed trials truncated after response selection, indicating that response execution is not necessary to trigger backward inhibition. In Experiments 2 and 3, no n – 2 repetition cost was obtained following trials truncated after cue presentation. To ensure some task preparation on cue-only trials, Experiment 4 used a double-registration procedure where participants responded to the task cue and the target on each trial. In contrast to Experiments 2 and 3, a small n – 2 repetition cost followed trials truncated after cue responses, affecting cue responses on the current trial. In addition, the n – 2 repetition cost was increased at cue responses and became evident at target responses when the preceding trial also involved a target response. These results imply that backward inhibition might be generated by processes occurring up to and including a cue response, affecting subsequent cue responses, as well as during task performance itself, affecting subsequent cue and target responses

Preparing a task is sufficient to generate a subsequent task-switch cost affecting task performance

This study investigated the nature of switch costs after trials on which the cued task had been either only prepared (cue-only trials) or both prepared and performed (completed trials). Previous studies have found that task-switch costs occur following cue-only trials, demonstrating that preparing – without performing – a task is sufficient to produce a subsequent switch cost. However, it is not clear whether switch costs after these different types of trial reflect an impact of task switching upon task preparation or task performance on the current trial. The present study examined this question using a double-registration procedure with both cue-only and completed trials. Participants responded to both task-cue and target stimuli. In cue responses, a cost of switching task cues (cue-switch cost) but not of switching tasks (task-switch cost) followed both cue-only and completed trials. In target responses, a task-switch cost but no cue-switch cost followed both cue-only trials and completed trials, and this task-switch cost was larger following completed than cue-only trials. The presence of the task-switch cost in target responses following cue-only trials indicates a specific impact of previous preparation upon task performance, and the increased size of this cost following completed trials indicates an additional impact of previous performance. Together, these results suggest that both task preparation and task performance contribute to the subsequent task-switch cost affecting task performance

Intergroup processes and the happy face advantage : How social categories influence emotion categorization

Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge and thank Professor Christian Unkelbach and four anonymous reviewers for the constructive and valuable feedback they provided on previous versions of this work, particularly for their suggestions regarding the analysis strategy.Peer reviewedPostprin