МИГРАЦИЯ СЕЙСМИЧЕСКОЙ И ВУЛКАНИЧЕСКОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ КАК ПРОЯВЛЕНИЕ ВОЛНОВОГО ГЕОДИНАМИЧЕСКОГО ПРОЦЕССА

Publications about the earthquake foci migration have been reviewed. An important result of such studies is establishment of wave nature of seismic activity migration that is manifested by two types of rotational waves; such waves are responsible for interaction between earthquakes foci and propagate with different velocities. Waves determining long-range interaction of earthquake foci are classified as Type 1; their limiting velocities range from 1 to 10 cm/s. Waves determining short-range interaction of foreshocks and aftershocks of individual earthquakes are classified as Type 2; their velocities range from 1 to 10 km/s. According to the classification described in [Bykov, 2005], these two types of migration waves correspond to slow and fast tectonic waves. The most complete data on earthquakes (for a period over 4.1 million of years) and volcanic eruptions (for 12 thousand years) of the planet are consolidated in a unified systematic format and analyzed by methods developed by the authors. For the Pacific margin, Alpine-Himalayan belt and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which are the three most active zones of the Earth, new patterns of spatial and temporal distribution of seismic and volcanic activity are revealed; they correspond to Type 1 of rotational waves. The wave nature of the migration of seismic and volcanic activity is confirmed. A new approach to solving problems of geodynamics is proposed with application of the data on migration of seismic and volcanic activity, which are consolidated in this study, in combination with data on velocities of movement of tectonic plate boundaries. This approach is based on the concept of integration of seismic, volcanic and tectonic processes that develop in the block geomedium and interact with each other through rotating waves with a symmetric stress tensor. The data obtained in this study give grounds to suggest that a geodynamic value, that is mechanically analogous to an impulse, remains constant in such interactions. It is thus shown that the process of wave migration of geodynamic activity should be described by models with strongly nonlinear equations of motion.Проведен обзор работ по миграции очагов землетрясений. Важным результатом явилось установление волновой природы миграции сейсмической активности, которая осуществляется  двумя типами ротационных волн, ответственными за взаимодействие очагов землетрясений и распространяющимися с разными скоростями. Первому типу с предельными скоростями 1–10 см/с соответствуют волны, определяющие дальнодействующее взаимодействие очагов землетрясений, второму – с предельными скоростями 1–10 км/с – соответствуют волны, определяющие близкодействующее взаимодействие форшоков и афтершоков в пределах отдельно взятых очагов землетрясений. Согласно классификации [Bykov, 2005], такие типы волн миграции соответствуют медленным и быстрым тектоническим волнам. В едином формате представлены наиболее полные данные о землетрясениях за 4.1 тыс. лет и извержениях вулканов за 12 тыс. лет. Собранные данные систематизированы и проанализированы с помощью разработанных авторами методик. Для трех наиболее активных поясов Земли – Пацифики, Альпийско-Гималайского и Срединно-Атлантического – установлены новые, отвечающие первому типу ротационных волн, закономерности пространственно-временного распределения сейсмической и вулканической активности. Подтверждена волновая природа их миграции. Полученные в работе данные в совокупности с данными о скоростях движения границ тектонических плит предлагается использовать в качестве нового подхода к решению задач геодинамики. В основе такого подхода заложена идея единства сейсмического, вулканического и тектонического процессов, протекающих в блоковой геосреде и взаимодействующих между собой посредством ротационных волн с симметричным тензором напряжений. Полученные авторами данные позволяют предположить, что при таком взаимодействии сохраняется геодинамическая величина, механическим аналогом которой является импульс. Показано, что процесс волновой миграции геодинамической активности должен описываться в рамках моделей с сильно нелинейными уравнениями движения

Несезонное производство ягодной продукции малины красной в условиях отапливаемых зимних теплиц

Relevance. Currently, in many countries of the world, the production of non-season raspberry berry products has become widespread. Recently, interest in this technology has arisen in Russia, which has great prospects for the development of industrial gardening. In our opinion, it is promising to develop elements of technology for the non-seasonal production of red raspberries, propagated by the method of clonal micropropagation with a traditional and remontant type of fruiting in the conditions of winter heated greenhouses.Material and methods. The experiments were carried out in the laboratory of clonal micropropagation of garden plants in the fruit growing laboratory of RGAU-MSHA named after K.A. Timiryazev. The objects of research were varieties of red raspberries with a traditional (variety Volnitsa) and remontant (varieties Orangevoe Chudo and Bryanskoe Divo) type of fruiting. The experimental plants were propagated by the method of clonal micropropagation and grown before distillation in open and protected ground; plants propagated by root offspring served as control. Experimental plants were planted in open ground for growing in mid-May, in mid-October they were transplanted into 10 liter containers and transferred to protected ground conditions. Then put in the refrigerator compartment with a temperature of + 1 ... + 5°C. For distillation, the raspberry repairing plants were exposed in the winter heated greenhouse on January 20, while the shoots of replacing the aboveground system were normalized: without normalization, 3 shoots per plant, complete pruning of the aboveground system. Raspberries with a traditional type of fruiting were exposed in a winter heated greenhouse in three periods on January 20, February 10, March 2. Accounting for the passage of the phenological phases of development and yield was made for 3 months every 5 days.Results. In the conditions of winter heated greenhouses, efficiency has been shown and elements of technology for non-season production of raspberry berries remontant and berries with a traditional type of fruiting, propagated in vitro and grown before open field distillation are developed. It was revealed that it is necessary to normalize the shoots before distillation of raspberry remontant, and the optimal timing for the start of distillation for raspberries with a traditional type of fruiting has been established.Актуальность. В настоящее время во многих странах мира широкое распространение получило производство несезонной ягодной продукции малины. В последнее время интерес к данной технологии возник и в России, что имеет большие перспективы для развития промышленного садоводства. На наш взгляд, перспективно разрабатывать элементы технологии несезонного производства ягод малины красной, размноженной методом клонального микроразмножения с традиционным и ремонтантным типом плодоношения в условиях зимних отапливаемых теплиц.Материал и методика. Опыты проводили в лаборатории клонального микроразмножения садовых растений лаборатории плодоводства РГАУ-МСХА им. К.А. Тимирязева. Объектами исследований служили сорта малины красной с традиционным (сорт Вольница) и ремонтантным (сорта Оранжевое чудо и Брянское диво) типом плодоношения. Опытные растения были размножены методом клонального микроразмножения и выращены перед выгонкой в открытом и защищенном грунте, контролем служили растения, размноженные корневыми отпрысками. В открытый грунт растения были высажены в середине мая, в середине октября их пересадили в контейнеры объемом 10 л и перенесли в условия защищенного грунта. Затем выставили в холодильный отсек с температурой 1…5°C. Для выгонки растения малины ремонтантной выставляли в зимнюю отапливаемую теплицу 20 января, при этом производили нормировку побегов замещения надземной системы: без нормировки, 3 побега на растение, полная обрезка надземной системы. Малину с традиционным типом плодоношения выставляли в зимнюю отапливаемую теплицу в три срока 20 января, 10 февраля, 2 марта. Учеты прохождения фенологических фаз развития и поступления урожая производили в течение 3 месяцев через каждые 5 дней.Результаты. В условиях зимних отапливаемых теплиц показана эффективность и разработаны элементы технологии несезонного производства ягод малины ремонтантной и с традиционным типом плодоношения, размноженных in vitro и выращенных перед выгонкой в открытом грунте. Выявлено, что необходимо провести нормировку побегов перед выгонкой малины ремонтантной и установлены оптимальные сроки начала выгонки для малины с традиционным типом плодоношения

MIGRATION OF SEISMIC AND VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AS DISPLAY OF WAVE GEODYNAMIC PROCESS

Publications about the earthquake foci migration have been reviewed. An important result of such studies is establishment of wave nature of seismic activity migration that is manifested by two types of rotational waves; such waves are responsible for interaction between earthquakes foci and propagate with different velocities. Waves determining long-range interaction of earthquake foci are classified as Type 1; their limiting velocities range from 1 to 10 cm/s. Waves determining short-range interaction of foreshocks and aftershocks of individual earthquakes are classified as Type 2; their velocities range from 1 to 10 km/s. According to the classification described in [Bykov, 2005], these two types of migration waves correspond to slow and fast tectonic waves. The most complete data on earthquakes (for a period over 4.1 million of years) and volcanic eruptions (for 12 thousand years) of the planet are consolidated in a unified systematic format and analyzed by methods developed by the authors. For the Pacific margin, Alpine-Himalayan belt and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which are the three most active zones of the Earth, new patterns of spatial and temporal distribution of seismic and volcanic activity are revealed; they correspond to Type 1 of rotational waves. The wave nature of the migration of seismic and volcanic activity is confirmed. A new approach to solving problems of geodynamics is proposed with application of the data on migration of seismic and volcanic activity, which are consolidated in this study, in combination with data on velocities of movement of tectonic plate boundaries. This approach is based on the concept of integration of seismic, volcanic and tectonic processes that develop in the block geomedium and interact with each other through rotating waves with a symmetric stress tensor. The data obtained in this study give grounds to suggest that a geodynamic value, that is mechanically analogous to an impulse, remains constant in such interactions. It is thus shown that the process of wave migration of geodynamic activity should be described by models with strongly nonlinear equations of motion

Non-season production of raspberry of red berry products in conditions of heated winter greenhouses

Relevance. Currently, in many countries of the world, the production of non-season raspberry berry products has become widespread. Recently, interest in this technology has arisen in Russia, which has great prospects for the development of industrial gardening. In our opinion, it is promising to develop elements of technology for the non-seasonal production of red raspberries, propagated by the method of clonal micropropagation with a traditional and remontant type of fruiting in the conditions of winter heated greenhouses.Material and methods. The experiments were carried out in the laboratory of clonal micropropagation of garden plants in the fruit growing laboratory of RGAU-MSHA named after K.A. Timiryazev. The objects of research were varieties of red raspberries with a traditional (variety Volnitsa) and remontant (varieties Orangevoe Chudo and Bryanskoe Divo) type of fruiting. The experimental plants were propagated by the method of clonal micropropagation and grown before distillation in open and protected ground; plants propagated by root offspring served as control. Experimental plants were planted in open ground for growing in mid-May, in mid-October they were transplanted into 10 liter containers and transferred to protected ground conditions. Then put in the refrigerator compartment with a temperature of + 1 ... + 5°C. For distillation, the raspberry repairing plants were exposed in the winter heated greenhouse on January 20, while the shoots of replacing the aboveground system were normalized: without normalization, 3 shoots per plant, complete pruning of the aboveground system. Raspberries with a traditional type of fruiting were exposed in a winter heated greenhouse in three periods on January 20, February 10, March 2. Accounting for the passage of the phenological phases of development and yield was made for 3 months every 5 days.Results. In the conditions of winter heated greenhouses, efficiency has been shown and elements of technology for non-season production of raspberry berries remontant and berries with a traditional type of fruiting, propagated in vitro and grown before open field distillation are developed. It was revealed that it is necessary to normalize the shoots before distillation of raspberry remontant, and the optimal timing for the start of distillation for raspberries with a traditional type of fruiting has been established