8 research outputs found
ΠΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΠΠ: Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ Π°?
The aim of the research is to clear up the influence of examination stress on the results of completing examination papers by students in the situation of trial General and Unified State Examinations, imitating the real-life environment of unified state certification of schoolchildren. The tasks of the research included determining the dynamics of psychophysiological stress indices at different examination stages, and evaluating additional factors (the subject in which the examination is held, the strategy of solving the variant, success of solving the task etc.), influencing the quantity and quality of stress reactions at the examination.The novelty of the research is in the attempt to overcome the problem of confusing the notions of examination stress and examination anxiety, caused by metering the studentsβ state either before or after the examination. The technology of online monitoring the studentsβ psychophysiological state is used in the work, which makes it possible to eliminate a number of restrictions occurring during subjective evaluation of the state by the students themselves. Telemetric cardiorhythmography was chosen as the basic method. The method is based on a three-component model of extreme states with consequent domination of one of the three stress-reactive systems. A cardiointervalogramm was being registered in the research process in the online mode and underwent spectral analysis. The following indices of heart rate variability were recorded in order to determine stress reactions: the total power of the spectrum (TP), the spectrum power in low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) regions, and a vegetative balance index (relation of the spectrum powers in low-frequency and high-frequency regions (LF/HF)). When the total power of the heart rate fell and, at the same time, the vegetative balance index rose, a conclusion was made of there being a stress reaction. Twenty-five students of an illustrious school were examined. Stress reactions were already recorded when the students read the instructions, and their number increased in the process of the examination, reaching the maximum by the end of completing the work. The analysis of subjective evaluation of the state by the students themselves reveals that they often evaluate it inadequately. Significant statistical differences were found between the levels of stress at examinations in different subjects. The highest stress level was recorded at the examination in Russian. It was revealed, that the students who chose a free strategy of completing the tasks and followed it, had fewer stress reactions than those who completed the tasks one by one. The differences in the stress levels were registered between students who got different grades: the students who were graded βgoodβ, had the most stress reactions, those who were graded βsatisfactoryβ, had the fewest stress reactions.The results of the study show that the General and Unified State Examinations are highly stressful events: in average, the students were under stress about one third of the time of completing the exam tasks. The given events have a significant impact on school leaversβ psychophysiological state. Additional factors were determined that cause stress reactions at the examination.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ β ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². Π Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½, ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅), ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅.ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ, ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ½-Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ c ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ. Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ β ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ°: ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° (TP), ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ
(LF) ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡ (HF) ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡ Π²Π΅Π³Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ° (ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡ (LF/HF)). ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π²Π΅Π³Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ° Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ β ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 25 ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠΌΠ½Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈ.Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠ° ΠΊ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΡ. ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ: Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ Β«Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΒ», ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
, ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ» Β«ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΒ».Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠΠ ΠΈ ΠΠΠ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ: Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ β ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅
POTENTIAL AND REAL STUDENTSβ WILLINGNESS TO RESEARCH
This article is about the importance of studentsβ practical and potential willingness to research activity in view of the problem of studentβs formation and development as a researcher at all levels of training at the university. The content of a term Β«research potentialΒ» as a most important precondition of scientific preparation success and research activity efficiency is specified. Studying of a student as a researcher is considered taking into account his scientific preparation and activity and also personal features that influence on success in research activity. Research potential of bachelors, masterβs degree students, graduate students and young teachers is compared. The empirical basis of the article is the materials of studying research potential and extent of its realization by students and young teachers of different universities
LECTURE WITH MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION: HOW TO CHOOSE THE BEST VISUAL TOOLS
The article is devoted to the study of studentsβ digestion quality influenced by different forms of educational material in class (text, schemes or comics) by means of multimedia presentation. The participants were students of Science, Humanities and physical-mathematical specialties. Significant differences were revealed in digestion of educational information between students of different specialties depending on presentation forms. The results obtained clarify the psychological mechanisms of digesting information in e-learning and can make the learning process more effective
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Introduction. The relevance of studying the phenomenon of self-determination is substantiatedby the compliance of this research problem with two actively developing areas of personalitypsychology β the psychology of a change and the psychology of a possible. The variety ofmanifestations of personality self-determination, the complexity and uniqueness of this phenomenonnecessitate the generalization of existing theoretical developments, ideas and concepts, as wellas accumulated empirical material. Modern Russian authors formulate theoretical prerequisitesfor the study of self-determination in the framework of the subject-activity approach, however,providing empirical research, they are often based on the methodology of foreign colleagues.The originality of the present work consists in the search for new methodological foundations forthe study of personality self-determination. Theoretical justification. The complexity and ambiguityof the phenomenon of self-determination enhance the differentiation of theoretical approachesto its description. The researchers focus on different levels of manifestations of self-determination:the nature-conditioned ability to self-organization and the innate need for autonomy of theindividuum, the processes of self-regulation of behavior and activity by the Subject, the mechanismsof the formation of subjectity and the development of the Self, as well as personalityβs ways torealize a freedom and an intentionality. Along with a wide variety of theories and concepts,there is a deficiency of systemic and complex models. Results. The authors of the article firstproposed the complementary model of self-determination, which allows to integrate existingtheoretical approaches to research through a level-by-level consideration of individβs, subjectβsand personality characteristics. The basic level of spontaneous (functional) self-determinationcorresponds to the principles of self-organization of complex open non-equilibrium systems witha naturally conditioned ability to self-deterministic behavior. The second level of purposeful orβactivity-basedβ self-determination demonstrates the role of conscious planning, volitional effortand conscious choice as a tool for achieving goals and self-regulation of the Subject. Finally, thethird, highest level of meaningful self-determination describes the value and moral self-regulationassociated with the implementation of meaningful choices. Discussion. The research presents anew look at the scientific problem of personality self-determination. The complementary modelreflects a complex multilevel system of self-determination, the evolution of its mechanisms in the process of ontogenesis from the basic psychological needs of the individuum to the complexprocesses of meaningful self-determination of the personality.ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ β ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈΜ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ, ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°. Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π³. ΠΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π‘Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ: ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Π² Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π―, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΄Ρ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ. ΠΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ (ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ), ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉΒ» ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π½ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° ΠΎΡ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ