Hepatic safety and possible hepatotoxic action of the metabolites of some pharmaceutical drugs

Liver is the principle organ for maintaining the body's internal environment. There is currently no way to reimburse for the absence of liver function. Its major influence is on the flow of nutrients and controls the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and fats. Drugs are an important cause of liver injury. More than 900 drugs, toxins, and herbs have been reported to cause liver injury. Certain medicinal agents, when taken in overdoses and sometimes even when introduced within therapeutic ranges, may injure the organ. Various types of drug induced liver diseases are acute-dose dependent liver damage, acute fatty infiltration, cholestatic jaundice, liver granulomas, active chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, liver tumors etc. The ability to accurately predict the toxicity of drug candidates and their metabolites from their chemical structure is critical for guiding experimental drug discovery toward safer medicines. Considering the importance of drug induced hepatotoxicity as a major cause of liver damage, this article throws light on hepatic safety and possible hepatotoxic action of the metabolites of some pharmaceutical drugs by using in silico modelling.Scripta Scientifica Medica 2013; 45(2): 48-54

Biological Tests and in Silico Models in Determining the Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity

It is known that the liver plays a major role in the biotransformation processes of chemical compounds (xenobiotics) including pharmaceuticals entering the body of mammals. In the course of performing these basic biological functions, the body undergoes several biochemical effects exerted by many of these compounds. Under certain conditions this is expressed in different effects of liver damage. The aim of this survey is to concisely describe the nature of liver toxicity induced by drugs, various in vitro and in vivo biological tests as well as to present the new advances in this field, namely in silico modeling

Development of a rapid and reproducible TLC method for purity elucidation and related substance identification of metronidazole in metronidazole dosage forms

Introduction: Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a quick, inexpensive microscale technique applicable for determination of the number of components in a mixture, monitoring the progress of an organic reaction, verification of substance identity and analysis of the fraction obtained from column chromatography.Aim: The aim of our work is to develop a rapid TLC method for related substance identification, purity elucidation, and control of synthesis of metronidazole in dosage forms and during synthesis of derivatives.Materials and Methods: A rapid and reproducible TLC method for quality determination of metronidazole derivatives is described. The samples and standard were separated on silica gel 60 with fluorescent indicator UV254 plates with three different mobile phases: A) acetic acid-ammonia-acetone-methylene chloride cyclohexane (1:2:3:3:1), B) toluene-chloroform-methanol (2:7:1), C) toluene-chloroform-ethanol-acetic acid-ammonia (9:8:1:1:1). The visualization of spots was done at 254 nm.Results: As most appropriate was established to be the mobile phase consisting of toluene- chloroform-ethanol-acetic acid-ammonia (9:8:1:1:1). The identification and determination of metronidazole in analyzed drug formulations were proved by the correspondence between the Rf of drug samples and reference standard Rf-0.58.Conclusion: The TLC method for related substance determination of metronidazole in drug formulations is an informative, rapid, and reproducible method. The method may be applied for further analysis and monitoring of synthesis of new metronidazole derivatives.

Students adaptation to the educational environment - stages and activities

The process of adaptation to the conditions of the university education is important for the successful acquisition of a knowledge and skills for the future profession. Expansion of social behaviour between students, correct relationships with teachers and the formation of the feeling that they are a part of the academic community contribute to greater motivation and ease in the overall process about acquiring new professional competencies. This article presents the development of the understanding of adaptation of students to the educational environment, stages and activities for adaptation to the new academic way of life

Adaptation For Practice The Midwife Profession In Hospital Conditions

Лечебните заведения за болнична помощ и управлението на здравните грижи в тях са критично зависими от броя, от уменията, от непрекъснатата адаптация и мотивацията на хората, които работят в тях. Процесът на адаптация към условията на болничната трудова среда е от важно значение за успешното усвояване на дейностите по оказване на болнични акушерски грижи, за приемане на отговорностите при практикуване на професията. Проблемът с адаптацията на правоспособните здравни специалисти – акушерки за практикуване в болнични условия, е изключително актуален, предвид оскъдността на трудовите ресурси, текучеството на персонала и голямото натоварване. Особено осезаем е проблемът с адаптацията на новозавършилите акушерки и неспособността им за успешна адаптация в болничните структури.The medical institutions for hospital care and the management of health care in them are critically dependent on the number, skills, continuous adaptation and motivation of people working in them. The process of adapting to the conditions of the hospital working environment is of great importance for successfully mastering of the skills related to the provision of hospital obstetric care, and for accepting the responsibilities in practicing the profession. The problem with the adaptation of qualified health care professionals - midwives to hospital practice is extremely topical, given the scarcity of labor resources, staff turnover and heavy workload. Especially significant is the problem of the adaptation of newly graduated midwives and their inability to adapt to hospital structures

THE ROLE OF PRACTICAL TRAINING IN A REAL WORKING ENVIRONMENT FOR MIDWIFERY STUDENTS

The Clinical bases enable the students from the regulated specialties in the field of healthcare (medical students, health care and professional Bachelor) to form their professional skills by working in a real hospital environment. Involving work in departments and sectors builds in students clinical thinking, forms communication skills, develops skills and models the organization of work tasks. This is an important process for forming professional skills in future healthcare professionals and preparing them for the challenges in the work process.The purpose of this article is to present a study among students in the specialty "midwife", regarding their motivation for training in clinical bases and also to reveal opportunities to increase their engagement and readiness for realization, through direct involvement in the work process. A survey was carried out among 136 students from the „midwife“ in Varna, Sliven and Pleven in Bulgaria. The methods used are documentary, sociological (direct anonymous survey) and statistical (descriptive statistics and correlation analysis).The results show that 71% of respondents rated communication with mentors in clinical practice as very good. As main problems of practical training, they point to vague tasks (90.4%), lack of feedback with healthcare professionals (86%), insufficient teamwork in the work (79.4%), tense situation due to the new way of Organization of the work process in e-health (36.8%). The desire of the students is to have more opportunity to consolidate the learned (10%), greater autonomy in the performance of activities (58%) and real participation in obstetric work (30%). Only 36.8% of essay students take advantage of the opportunity to work on an employment contract during their studies in clinical bases.In conclusion, the possibility of real involvement in work tasks, in working relations with the bases, allows for good preparation and absorption of a burning volume of knowledge and skills in a real working environment. This enables students to acquire practical skills that will give them the necessary confidence and professional self-esteem

Drug therapy of autism spectrum disorders

What role do medications play in the overall treatment of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD)? There have been few controlled trials of medications for this pathology. The identification of such medications awaits a more sophisticated elucidation of the genetic and neurobiological underpinnings of ASD. The aim of this paper is to present a literature review on the variety of drugs used in ASD treatment as well as on the pharmacological effects and advances in the complex treatment of patients with autism.Scripta Scientifica Medica 2013; 45(2): 11-16

Reaction strategies for synthesis of imidazole derivatives: a review

The development of a methodical directional synthesis of complex organic molecules with the aim of obtaining the physiologically active substance with selective action takes a central position in modern synthetic organic chemistry. Imidazole derivatives are a key component in great many bioactive compounds of both natural and synthetic origin. Ðœany scientists in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacology have been attracted to them in recent years. This is because of the exceptional chemical properties and biological activities that they demonstrate. It is a big challenge for the scientists to modify and synthesize new imidazole derivatives

Antibacterial activity of 4-isopropyl-phenyl-methylidene-4- [1- (3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-6,7-dihydronaphthal-2-yl) ethenyl] benzohydrazyde

The increase in antibiotic resistance of microorganisms encourages the constant search for new compounds. Studies on the activity of hydrazones identify them as promising compounds for further microbiological research. The aim of the present study is to determine the antibacterial activity of newly synthesized 4-isopropyl-phenyl-methylidene-4- [1- (3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-6,7-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl) ethe- nyl] benzohydrazide, an analog of the antineoplastic preparation bexarotene. The assay was performed against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

IR and UV-VIS spectroscopic analysis of a new compound: N-[1-(4-hydroxyphenyl) aminoethilyden]-4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-6,7-dihydronaphtalen-2-yl)-ethenyl] phenylcarbohydrazide

INTRODUCTION: Hydrazones are compounds that can be considered as hydrogenated azo compounds or as derivatives of hydrazine (H2N-NH2) in the structure of which one hydrogen atom at each nitrogen is replaced by a hydrocarbon group. In this work, we discuss the possibilities for analysis of a newly synthesized hydrazone of the retinoid bexarotene with acetaminophen using infrared (IR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy.  AIM: The purpose of this study is to perform Fourier-transfrom infrared (FTIR) and UV-VIS spectroscopic analysis of a newly synthesized hydrazone of bexarotene. MATERIALS AND METHODS: А newly synthesized hydrazone derivative was obtained according to the basic scheme of synthesis of bexarotene analogs. Infrared spectra 500-4000 cm-1 were taken on a Bruker FTIR spectrometer using ATR—a plug with a Smart iTR adapter. Spectra in the range 190–325 nm were recorded using UV-VIS spectrophotometer T60 UV with UVWin Software 6.0. RESULTS: After a detailed comparison of the data obtained in the IR analysis of the reagents and the newly obtained hydrazone, a similar position and intensity of the spectral bands are reported. However, there are displacements in spectral bands and significant differences corresponding to the structural changes that have occurred. Different values for the wavelength of maximum absorption were measured with a UV-VIS spectrophotometer for bexarotene, Paracetamol, and the newly synthesized compound. CONCLUSION: In order to confirm the data obtained by FTIR and UV-VIS spectroscopy, a further reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) analysis of the new hydrazone derivative should be performed