Enterprise UNIONISM in crisis in Japan

During the last decades, the unionization rate in Japan has been decreasing, while new forms of employment and outsourcing practices are imposed. In this context, the author analyses whether trade unions can continue to be considered legitimate representatives of workers and if they are responding to their aspirations. The first part of the work examines the achievements of trade unionism in companies between 1945 and 1980, while the second part exposes the problem areas identified since in 1991 the economic conditions of Japan changed substantially as a result of global competition and, in As a consequence, the companies restructured their activities, which included a reduction in employment and new locations in China.Durante las últimas décadas, la tasa de sindicalización en el Japón ha venido descendiendo, al mismo tiempo que se imponen nuevas formas de empleo y prácticas de outsourcing. En este contexto, el autor analiza si los sindicatos pueden seguir siendo considerados legítimos representantes de los trabajadores y si están respondiendo a las aspiraciones de éstos. En la primera parte del trabajo se examinan los logros del sindicalismo en las empresas entre 1945 y 1980, mientras en la segunda se expone las áreas problema identificadas desde que en 1991 las condiciones económicas del Japón cambiaron sustancialmente a raíz de la competencia global y, en consecuencia, las empresas reestructuraron sus actividades, lo que incluyó reducción del empleo y nuevas locaciones en China

The Soft Budget Constraint Problem in a Dynamic Central Leadership Model

The authors deal with a certain type of timing problem with the central government's allocation of subsidies to local governments, called a ``soft budget constraint (SBC) problem.'''' In fiscal science, it has been indicated that the interregional redistribution policy of the central government causes incentive problems such as excess expenditure or excess debt. However, as insignificant amount of the literature has applied a multi-period model to explain the SBC problem occuring despite the possibility of the existence of intertemporal distortion in an SBC situation. Therefore, the authors examine the problem in two-period models, which are the easiest multi-period models. The authors will demonstrate that the path of occurrence of the distortion caused by subsidization varies according to the timing of the subsidy offer.decentralized leadership

Deep Point-to-Plane Registration by Efficient Backpropagation for Error Minimizing Function

Traditional algorithms of point set registration minimizing point-to-plane distances often achieve a better estimation of rigid transformation than those minimizing point-to-point distances. Nevertheless, recent deep-learning-based methods minimize the point-to-point distances. In contrast to these methods, this paper proposes the first deep-learning-based approach to point-to-plane registration. A challenging part of this problem is that a typical solution for point-to-plane registration requires an iterative process of accumulating small transformations obtained by minimizing a linearized energy function. The iteration significantly increases the size of the computation graph needed for backpropagation and can slow down both forward and backward network evaluations. To solve this problem, we consider the estimated rigid transformation as a function of input point clouds and derive its analytic gradients using the implicit function theorem. The analytic gradient that we introduce is independent of how the error minimizing function (i.e., the rigid transformation) is obtained, thus allowing us to calculate both the rigid transformation and its gradient efficiently. We implement the proposed point-to-plane registration module over several previous methods that minimize point-to-point distances and demonstrate that the extensions outperform the base methods even with point clouds with noise and low-quality point normals estimated with local point distributions.Comment: 25 pages, 10 figure