Untersuchung ueber Konzeption, Rahmenbedingungen und Marktchancen fuer dezentrale Verarbeitungsanlagen von Rapssaat zu Energietraegern und Futtermitteln. Bd. 1

TIB Hannover: FR 3413(1)+a / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Accommodation-based interventions for individuals experiencing, or at risk of experiencing, homelessness

Abstract Background Globally, almost 1.6 billion individuals lack adequate housing. Many accommodation‐based approaches have evolved across the globe to incorporate additional support and services beyond delivery of housing. Objectives This review examines the effectiveness of accommodation‐based approaches on outcomes including housing stability, health, employment, crime, wellbeing, and cost for individuals experiencing or at risk of experiencing homelessness. Search Methods The systematic review is based on evidence already identified in two existing EGMs commissioned by the Centre for Homelessness Impact (CHI) and built by White et al. The maps were constructed using a comprehensive three stage search and mapping process. Stage one mapped included studies in an existing systematic review on homelessness, stage two was an extensive search of 17 academic databases, three EGM databases, and eight systematic review databases. Finally stage three included web searches for grey literature, scanning reference lists of included studies and consultation with experts to identify additional literature. We identified 223 unique studies across 551 articles from the effectiveness map on 12th April 2019. Selection Criteria We include research on all individuals currently experiencing, or at risk of experiencing homelessness irrespective of age or gender, in high‐income countries. The Network Meta‐Analysis (NMA) contains all study designs where a comparison group was used. This includes randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐experimental designs, matched comparisons and other study designs that attempt to isolate the impact of the intervention on homelessness. The NMA primarily addresses how interventions can reduce homelessness and increase housing stability for those individuals experiencing, or at risk of experiencing, homelessness. Additional outcomes are examined and narratively described. These include: access to mainstream healthcare; crime and justice; employment and income; capabilities and wellbeing; and cost of intervention. These outcomes reflect the domains used in the EGM, with the addition of cost. Data Collection and Analysis Due to the diverse nature of the literature on accommodation‐based approaches, the way in which the approaches are implemented in practice, and the disordered descriptions of the categories, the review team created a novel typology to allow meaningful categorisations for functional and useful comparison between the various intervention types. Once these eligible categories were identified, we undertook dual data extraction, where two authors completed data extraction and risk of bias (ROB) assessments independently for each study. NMA was conducted across outcomes related to housing stability and health.Qualitative data from process evaluations is included using a “Best Fit” Framework synthesis. The purpose of this synthesis is to complement the quantitative evidence and provide a better understanding of what factors influenced programme effectiveness. All included Qualitative data followed the initial framework provided by the five main analytical categories of factors of influence (reflected in the EGM), namely: contextual factors, policy makers/funders, programme administrators/managers/implementing agencies, staff/case workers and recipients of the programme. Main Results There was a total of 13,128 people included in the review, across 51 reports of 28 studies. Most of the included studies were carried out in the United States of America (25/28), with other locations including Canada and the UK. Sixteen studies were RCTs (57%) and 12 were nonrandomised (quasi‐experimental) designs (43%). Assessment of methodological quality and potential for bias was conducted using the second version of the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for Randomised controlled trials. Nonrandomised studies were coded using the ROBINS‐ I tool. Out of the 28 studies, three had sufficiently low ROB (11%), 11 (39%) had moderate ROB, and five (18%) presented serious problems with ROB, and nine (32%) demonstrated high, critical problems with their methodology. A NMA on housing stability outcomes demonstrates that interventions offering the highest levels of support alongside unconditional accommodation (High/Unconditional) were more effective in improving housing stability compared to basic support alongside unconditional housing (Basic/Unconditional) (ES=1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.39, 1.82]), and in comparison to a no‐intervention control group (ES=0.62, 95% CI [0.19, 1.06]). A second NMA on health outcomes demonstrates that interventions categorised as offering Moderate/Conditional (ES= 0.36, 95% CI [0.03, 0.69]) and High/Unconditional (ES = 0.22, 95% CI [0.01, 0.43]) support were effective in improving health outcomes compared to no intervention. These effects were smaller than those observed for housing stability. The quality of the evidence was relatively low but varied across the 28 included studies. Depending on the context, finding accommodation for those who need it can be hindered by supply and affordability in the market. The social welfare approach in each jurisdiction can impact heavily on support available and can influence some of the prejudice and stigma surrounding homelessness. The evaluations emphasised the need for collaboration and a shared commitment between policymakers, funders and practitioners which creates community and buy in across sectors and agencies. However, co‐ordinating this is difficult and requires sustainability to work. For those implementing programmes, it was important to invest time in developing a culture together to build trust and solid relationships. Additionally, identifying sufficient resources and appropriate referral routes allows for better implementation planning. Involving staff and case workers in creating processes helps drive enthusiasm and energy for the service. Time should be allocated for staff to develop key skills and communicate engage effectively with service users. Finally, staff need time to develop trust and relationships with service users; this goes hand in hand with providing information that is up to date and useful as well making themselves accessible in terms of location and time. Authors' Conclusions The network meta‐analysis suggests that all types of accommodation which provided support are more effective than no intervention or Basic/Unconditional accommodation in terms of housing stability and health. The qualitative evidence synthesis raised a primary issue in relation to context: which was the lack of stable, affordable accommodation and the variability in the rental market, such that actually sourcing accommodation to provide for individuals who are homeless is extremely challenging. Collaboration between stakeholders and practitioners can be fruitful but difficult to coordinate across different agencies and organisations

Evolving an evidence-based model for homelessness prevention

© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd While some progress has been made in addressing chronic homelessness through supportive models, a comprehensive solution for housing loss must include prevention. The purpose of this article is twofold: to conduct a review of the literature on the domains of the Framework for Homelessness Prevention; and to use literature on the concept of quaternary prevention, preventing the harms of service provision, to theorise an additional domain. The Framework for Homelessness Prevention draws upon theory from public health exploring primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, and also integrates primordial prevention. This leads to a typology of homelessness prevention that incorporates the following five domains: (a) Structural prevention; (b) Systems prevention; (c) Early intervention; (d) Eviction prevention; and (e) Housing stability. By systematically reviewing the literature we build out the evidence-base supporting these domains. The team used research databases, internet searches and retrospective reference list reviews to identify high-quality journal articles on prevention, which were then sorted by level of prevention. Through this process, we evolved our thinking on the Framework in considering that quaternary prevention was not initially included. Therefore, we explored the literature related to quaternary prevention in the context of homelessness and offer a sixth domain for the Framework: Empowerment. Ultimately, a comprehensive Framework for Homelessness Prevention will support communities and governments to more effectively prevent homelessness through upstream approaches

Agricultural Research Bulletins, Nos. 522-555

Volume 35, Bulletins 522-555. (522) Role of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizers in Continuous Corn Culture on Nicollet and Webster Soils; (523) Solving Tile Drainage Problems by Using Model Data; (524) Soybean Yields and Plant Composition as Affected by Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizers; (525) Conservation Reserve in South-Central Iowa; (526) Application of Distributed Lag and Autocorrelated Error Models to Short-Run Demand Analysis; (527) Cost Functions in Relation to Farm Size and Machinery Technology in Southern Iowa; (528) Family Decision-Making and Role Patterns Among Iowa Farm and Nonfarm Families; (529) Milk Production Functions in Relation to Feed Inputs, Cow Characteristics and Environmental Conditions; (530) Regional Intersectoral Relations and Demand Projections with Emphasis on the Feed-Livestock Economy of the North Central States; (531) Effect of Feed-Grain Output Controls on Resource Uses and Values in Northern and Southern Iowa; (532) Influence of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on Nutrient Status and Profitability of Bromegrass on Ida Soils: I. Effect on Yields and Economics of Use, II. Effect on Chemical Composition of Bromegrass; (533) Experiments with Autoregressive Error Estimation; (534) Farm Migrants to the City: A Comparison of the Status, Achievement, Community and Family Relations of Farm Migrants with Urban Migrants and Urban Natives in Des Moines, Iowa; (535) Relationship of Tree Survival and Yield to Coal-Spoil Characteristics; (536) Effects of Migration on the Open-Country Population of Iowa, 1950-61; (537) Normative Supply Functions and Optimum Farm Plans for Northeaster Iowa; (538) Programming Analysis of Interregional Competition and Surplus Capacity of American Agriculture; (538) Projections of U. S. Agricultural Capacity and Interregional Adjustments in Production and Land Use with Spatial Programming Models; (539) Yield Response of Corn in a Planosol Soil to Subsurface Drainage with Variable Tile Spacings; (541) Evaluation of Alternative market Organizations in a Simulated Livestock-Meat Economy; (542) Exploratory Econometric Study of Dairy Bargaining Cooperatives; (543) Fertilizer Production Functions from Experimental Data with Associated Supply and Demand Relationships; (544) Comparisons of Laboratory and Greenhouse Indexes of Nutrient Availability in Soils; (545) Aggregate Investment Demand for Farm Buildings: A National, Regional and State Time-Series Analysis; (546) Characteristics of Operator Entry Into Iowa Farming, 1959-60; (547) Coordinated Egg Production and marketing in the North Central States: V. Least-Cost Egg Marketing Organization Under Alternative Production Patterns; (548) Simulation of Regional Product and Income with Emphasis on Iowa, 1954-1974; (549) Postglacial Environments in Relation to Landscape and Soils on the Cary Drift, Iowa; (550) Analysis of Ranking of Dairy Bargaining Cooperative Objectives; (551) Hyperactivity, Blood Lactic Acid and Mortality in Channel Catfish; (552) Selection in Zea mays L. by Inbred Line Appearance and Testcross Performance in Low and High Plant Densities; (553) Dissemination of Farm Market News and Its Importance in Decision-Making; (554) Fertilizer Production Functions in Relation to Weather, Location, Soil and Crop Variables; (555) Acreage Response and Production Supply Functions for Soybeans</p