211 research outputs found
Impact of depression and social support on nonadherence to antipsychotic drugs in persons with schizophrenia in Thailand
Sirijit Suttajit, Sutrak PilakantaDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandBackground: Little is known about the effect of social support on nonadherence in persons with schizophrenia, especially in developing Asian countries where social support is considered to be imperative. Additionally, the role of depression as a mediator in the association between social support deficits and nonadherence has not been evaluated.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 75 participants at a university hospital in Thailand. Logistic regression was used to determine whether depression and a deficit in social support were associated with nonadherence, and whether depression mediated this association.Results: There were strong relationships between nonadherence and major depressive episodes (odds ratio [OR] 9.5, confidence interval [CI] 2.3–38.9), living alone (OR 21.8, CI 3.5–143.0), and dissatisfaction with support from family (OR 10.0, CI 1.9–53.1). The OR of the association between social support deficits and nonadherence decreased by nearly one half after adjusting for depression.Discussion: Depression and social support deficits were significantly associated with nonadherence in persons with schizophrenia. Depression is important in mediating the association between social support deficits and nonadherence. Enhancing social support, as well as early detection and effective intervention for depression should be emphasized in interventions to improve adherence in persons with schizophrenia.Keywords: nonadherence, schizophrenia, depression, social support, antipsychotic drug
āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāđāļĒāļāļēāļĒāļāđāļģāļāļ·āđāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļąāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļĢāļāļāđāļāļ§āļāļīāļāļāļļāļāļāđāļĒāļāļēāļĒāđāļŠāđāđāļāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļ: āļāļĢāļāļĩāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļąāļāļŦāļ§āļąāļāļĨāļģāļāļđāļ Analysis of Pracharath Drinking Water Policy with Health-in-All Policies Framework: A Case Study of Lamphun Province
āļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđ: āđāļāļ·āđāļāļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāđāļĒāļāļēāļĒāļāđāļģāļāļ·āđāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļąāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļĢāļāļāđāļāļ§āļāļīāļāļāļļāļāļāđāļĒāļāļēāļĒāđāļŠāđāđāļāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļ(Health-in-All Polices; HiAP) āđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāđāļāļāļāļĨāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļđāđāļāļģāļŦāļāļāļāđāļĒāļāļēāļĒāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāđāļĒāļāļēāļĒāļāļĩāđāļāļģāļāļķāļāļāļķāļāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļ āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāđāļāļīāļāļāļļāļāļ āļēāļāđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāđāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļāđāđāļāļīāļāļĨāļķāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļąāļ§āļāļĒāđāļēāļāđāļāļāđāļāļāļēāļ°āđāļāļēāļ°āļāļāļāļēāļāļāļđāđāļĄāļĩāļŠāđāļ§āļāđāļāđāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāđāļĒāļāļēāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŦāļ§āļąāļāļĨāļģāļāļđāļāļāļģāļāļ§āļ 39 āļāļ āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļāļĄ 2562 āļāļķāļāļāļļāļĄāļ āļēāļāļąāļāļāđ 2563 āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāđāļāļīāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļŦāļēāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļ HiAP āļāļāļāļāđāļĒāļāļēāļĒāļāđāļģāļāļ·āđāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļĩ 3 āļāļāļāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļ āļāļ·āļ1) āļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļķāļāļāļķāļāļĄāļīāļāļīāļāđāļēāļāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāļāļĩāđāļĒāļąāļāđāļĄāđāļāļĢāļāļāļāļĨāļļāļĄāđāļāļāļļāļāļ āļēāļāļŠāđāļ§āļ āļāļąāļāļŦāļēāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāđāļĄāđāļāļđāļāļāļĨāđāļēāļ§āļāļķāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļļāļĄāļąāļāļīāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ āļāļķāļāđāļĄāđāļāļĩāđāļĄāļēāļāļāļāđāļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĢāļĄāļēāļāļēāļāļāļąāļāļŦāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ°āļāļēāļāļāļāļāļāđāļģāļāļ·āđāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļđāđāđāļŦāđāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļāļāļĢāļēāļāļ§āđāļēāļāđāļģāļāļ·āđāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļąāļāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļ 2) āđāļāļāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāđāļāļĨāļāđāļāļīāļāļāđāļĒāļāļēāļĒāđāļŦāđāđāļāđāļ HiAP āļĒāļąāļāđāļĄāđāļāļąāļāđāļāļ āđāļāļĒāļĢāļąāļāđāļŦāđāļāļāļķāļāđāļāļāļēāļŠāđāļāđāđāļāļāļąāļāļŦāļēāļāđāļģāļāļ·āđāļĄāđāļāļāļļāļĄāļāļāļāļĢāđāļāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļļāđāļāđāļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļĢāļēāļ āđāļāđāļĒāļąāļāđāļĄāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļ·āđāļāļĄāđāļĒāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļēāļāđāļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļ āļāļķāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāļīāļāđāļāļāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāđāļāļĨāļāđāļŦāđāđāļāđāļ HiAP āđāļĨāļ° 3) āļāļđāđāļĄāļĩāļŠāđāļ§āļāđāļāđāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāļĩāđāļĒāļąāļāđāļĄāđāļāļĢāļāļāļāļĨāļļāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļŠāđāļ§āļāļĢāđāļ§āļĄ āđāļāļĒāļŦāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļāļāđāļēāļāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāđāļĄāđāļāļđāļāļāļģāļŦāļāļāđāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļąāļāđāļāļĨāļ·āđāļāļāļāđāļĒāļāļēāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŦāļ§āļąāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđāļĄāđāļĄāļĩāļŠāļēāļĒāļŠāļąāļĄāļāļąāļāļāđāđāļāđāļāļāļļāļāđāļāļīāļĄāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāļŦāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļāļāđāļēāļāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļāļāļđāđāđāļŦāđāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ āļāļģāđāļŦāđāļāļģāđāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāđāļāļāđāļĒāļāļŠāđāļ§āļ āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļŠāđāļ§āļāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļāļāļŦāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļāļāđāļēāļāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāļāļĒāļđāđāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļāđāļāļĒ āļāļ·āļāļĢāļąāļāļĢāļđāđāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāđāļēāļ§āļŠāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāđāļ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ: āļāđāļĒāļāļēāļĒāļāđāļģāļāļ·āđāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļĩāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļ HiAP āļāļĩāđāđāļĄāđāļāļąāļāđāļāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļķāļāļāļķāļāļĄāļīāļāļīāļāđāļēāļāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļ āđāļāļāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāđāļāļĨāļāđāļāļīāļāļāđāļĒāļāļēāļĒāļāļāļ HiAP āđāļĨāļ°āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĢāļāļāļāļĨāļļāļĄāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļĄāļĩāļŠāđāļ§āļāđāļāđāđāļŠāļĩāļĒ āļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļāđāļĢāļīāđāļĄāļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļāļļāļ HiAP āļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļāļļāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđāļēāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļŦāļāļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļĻāļąāļāļĒāļ āļēāļāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļĄāļĩāļŠāđāļ§āļāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāđāļāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāđāļāđāļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļēāļāļāļđāļĢāļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļŠāđāļ§āļāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļāļāļŦāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāđāļāļ āļāļģāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ: āļāđāļĒāļāļēāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļąāļ, āļāđāļģāļāļ·āđāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļąāļ, āļāļļāļāļāđāļĒāļāļēāļĒāđāļŠāđāđāļāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļ, āļāđāļĒāļāļēāļĒāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļ°, āļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļObjective: To analyze the Pracharath drinking water policy with Health-in-AllPolicies (HiAP) framework to feedback to policymakers in developing policiesthat are more health conscious. Method: This qualitative research useddocument reviews and in-depth interviews. The interview on a purposivesample of 39 civil state policy stakeholders in Lamphun province wasconducted from March 2019 to February 2020, and contents were analyzed.Results: Based on HiAP concept, the Pracharath drinking water policycomprised 3 elements. First, health dimensions were not included all sectors.Health issues were not incorporated in budget approval criteria although theproject was originated from the unclean drinking water and budget providersknew the health aspect of the drinking water. Second, opportunities for policychange to HiAP remained unclear. The state sees an opportunity to solve thedrinking water problem while simultaneously stimulating local economy.Despite an opportunity, health factors were not linked to the policy'seconomic goals, hence no chance to convert to HiAP. Third, somestakeholders were not included and lacked participation. Health agencieswere not included in the provincial driving committees. There was a lack ofexisting ties between health offices and budgeting agencies; hence nocooperation but only some information received. Conclusion: Pracharathdrinking water policy was not HiAP oriented either health consideration,opportunities for HiAP's policy change, or stakeholder involvement.States may begin to support HiAP by directing and raising awareness,enhancing stakeholdersâ potential, and promoting participation andcooperation of relevant agencies. Keywords: Pracharath policy, Pracharath drinking water, Health-in-All policies, public policy, healt
Specific binding of okadaic acid, a new tumor promoter in mouse skin
AbstractThe tumor promoter okadaic acid binds specifically to a particulate as well as a cytosolic fraction of various mouse tissues, e.g., skin, brain, lung and colon. The KD value was 21.7 nM for receptors in the particulate fraction and 1.0 nM for those in the cytosolic fraction of mouse skin. The specific binding of [3H]okadaic acid to the particulate fraction of mouse skin was inhibited dose-dependently by okadaic acid, but not okaidaic acid tetramethyl ether, an inactive compound, or by other tumor promoters, such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and teleocidin. The results suggest a new pathway of tumor promotion mediated through the okadaic acid receptor(s)
Association of SLC1A2 and SLC17A7 polymorphisms with major depressive disorder in a Thai population
ÂĐ 2018B. Thaweethee et al., published by Sciendo. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric disorder with high prevalence and high risk of suicide. Genetic variation of glutamate transporters may associate with MDD and suicide attempt. To evaluate polymorphisms of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 gene (SLC1A2; rs752949, rs1885343, rs4755404, and rs4354668) and vesicular glutamate transporter 1 gene (SLC17A7; rs1043558, rs2946848, and rs11669017) in patients with MDD with and without suicide attempt, and determine the association of these polymorphisms with age of onset and severity of MDD. DNA was extracted from blood taken from patients with MDD (n = 100; including nonsuicidal [n = 50] and suicidal [n = 50] subgroups) and controls (n = 100). Genotyping was conducted using TaqMan single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. We found a significant difference in SLC17A7 rs2946848 genotype distribution between patients in the MDD and control groups (P = 0.016). Moreover, significant differences in SLC1A2 rs752949 (P = 0.022) and SLC17A7 rs2946848 (P = 0.026) genotype distributions were observed between patients in the nonsuicidal MDD and suicidal MDD groups. SLC1A2 rs1885343 A allele carriers showed significantly lower age of onset than GG genotype (P = 0.049). Furthermore, the severity of MDD indicated by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) score of G allele carriers of SLC1A2 rs4755404 was significantly greater than the CC genotype (P = 0.013). Polymorphisms of SLC1A2 and SLC17A7 may contribute to the risk of MDD and/or suicide attempt. An association of an SLC1A2 polymorphism with the severity of MDD was apparent
āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđāļēāļāļāļļāļāļāđāļēāđāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļāđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāđāļĢāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĨāđāļāļāļąāļāļŦāļ§āļąāļāļāđāļēāļ: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāđāļāļīāļāļāļļāļāļ āļēāļ Enriching Work Value among Hospital Pharmacists in Nan Province: A Qualitative Study
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Parvalbumin Promoter Methylation Altered in Major Depressive Disorder
Aims: To determine the extent of DNA methylation of parvalbumin gene (PVALB) promoter in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with and without suicide attempt in comparison with healthy controls. Methods: The extracted DNA from dried blood spots of MDD patients (n = 92) including non-suicidal MDD and suicidal-MDD subgroups (n = 45 and n = 47, respectively) and age-matched control subjects (n = 95) was used for DNA methylation analysis at four CpG sites in the promoter sequence of PVALB by pyrosequencing. Results: The PVALB methylation was significantly increased at CpG2 and decreased at CpG4 in the MDD group compared to the control group, while there was no difference between non-suicidal MDD and suicidal-MDD subgroups. A significant inverse correlation of severity of MDD was indicated only for CpG4. Conclusion: This study provides the first evidence of abnormalities of PVALB promoter methylation in MDD and its correlation with MDD severity indicating a role for epigenetics in this psychiatric disorder
Methodological and economic evaluations of seven survey modes applied to health service research
Objective: To evaluate methodological outcomes and cost-effectiveness of seven survey modes, using a study of general public views towards pharmacy public health services.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in North West England among people aged =?18 years, using two approaches. Three interviewer-assisted modes were street, door-to-door and telephone. Four self-completion modes were single-and double-mailing to residential addresses, surveys sent to public/private business by post (postal-business), and questionnaires dropped-off at venues (drop-off). The study compared response rates, demographics and two domains ((a) actual use of and (b) willingness to use pharmacy public health services) between modes. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of different modes were assessed against the single-mailing.
Key findings: Response rate varied between 5.1% (postal-business) and 34.5% (street). Respondent age, education, employment, socioeconomic and deprivation status varied between different modes. Results for domain (a) were similar for all modes. Interviewer-assisted modes resulted in more positive views on willingness to use advisory services (P < 0.05). The drop-off mode saved ?45.92 (US$72.55) per 1% increase in response rate compared to single mailing, while interviewer-assisted and double-mailing were more costly. At higher response rates, cost-savings by the drop-off mode diminished, but for other survey modes, additional costs decreased.
Conclusion: Drop-off mode is cost-effective compared to the standard single mailing, but selection bias is possible. Street surveys are also an efficient method, but may carry a higher risk of social desirability bias. Mixed-modes surveys may reach wider sectors of the population. The similarity in use of services suggests all survey modes reach members of the public relevant to pharmacy researchers
āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĢāļđāđāļ§āļąāļāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāļāļāļāļāļļāļāļĨāļēāļāļĢāđāļĢāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĨāļŦāļēāļāļāļ āļāļąāļāļŦāļ§āļąāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļŦāļĄāđ: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāđāļāļīāļāļāļļāļāļ āļēāļ Perceptions on Safety Culture among Hang Dong Hospital Personnel, Chiang Mai Province: A Qualitative Study
 āļāļāļāļąāļāļĒāđāļ āļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđ : āđāļāļ·āđāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļāļ°āļāļāļāļ§āļąāļāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāđāļāļĄāļļāļĄāļĄāļāļāļāļāļāļāļļāļāļĨāļēāļāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāđāļŦāđāđāļāļīāļāļ§āļąāļāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāđāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĨ āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē : āļāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāđāļāļīāļāļāļļāļāļ āļēāļāđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļāđāđāļāļīāļāļĨāļķāļ āđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļąāļ§āļāļĒāđāļēāļāđāļāļāđāļāļēāļ°āļāļāļāļēāļāļāļļāļāļĨāļēāļāļĢāļāļāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĨāļŦāļēāļāļāļ āļ.āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļŦāļĄāđ āļāļēāļĄāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļ āļāļģāļāļ§āļ 36 āļĢāļēāļĒ āļĢāļ§āļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāđāļāļĒāđāļāļ§āļāļģāļāļēāļĄāļāļķāđāļāđāļāļĢāļāļŠāļĢāđāļēāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļģāļāļēāļĄāļāļĨāļēāļĒāđāļāļīāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļāļĄāļāļķāļāļĄāļīāļāļļāļāļēāļĒāļ 2562 āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāđāļāļīāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļŦāļē āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē : āļāļļāļāļĨāļēāļāļĢāļāļāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĨāļŦāļēāļāļāļāļĢāļąāļāļĢāļđāđāļ§āļąāļāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāļāđāļēāļ 7 āļāļļāļāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļāļ°Â āļāļ·āļ 1) āļĄāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒ 2) āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĄāđāļāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļŦāđāđāļāļīāļāļāļļāļāļ āļēāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒ 3) āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļāļāļīāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĪāļāļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļēāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļīāļŠāļąāļĒ 4) āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ āļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļĄāđāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāđāļĄāđāđāļŦāđāđāļāļīāļāļāļķāđāļ 5) āļāļģāļāļēāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĩāļĄāđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļŦāđāđāļāļīāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒ 6) āļĒāļāļĄāļĢāļąāļāļāđāļāļāļīāļāļāļĨāļēāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāđāļĄāđāđāļŦāđāđāļāļīāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļĨāļēāļāļāđāļģ 7) āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļĒāļāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒ āļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļāļļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāđāļŦāđāđāļāļīāļāļ§āļąāļāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļāđāļēāļāļāļđāđāļāļģ āļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāđāļāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļŠāđāļ§āļāļāļļāļāļāļĨ āđāļāļĒāļāļąāđāļ 3 āļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļāļļāļāđāļŦāđāđāļāļīāļāļāļĪāļāļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļēāļāļāļĩāđāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāļāļāļāļāļļāļāļĨāļēāļāļĢāļāļāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĨāļŦāļēāļāļāļ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ : āļāļāļāđāļāļĢāļĄāļĩāļāļąāđāļ 7 āļāļļāļāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļāļ°āļāļāļāļ§āļąāļāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāđāļāđāđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļđāļĢāļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļŠāđāļ§āļāļāļŠāļĄāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļāļąāđāļ 3 āļāļ·āļāļāļđāđāļāļģ āļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāđāļāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļŠāđāļ§āļāļāļļāļāļāļĨ āđāļāđāļēāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļąāļ āļāļķāđāļāļāļ°āļŠāđāļāļāļĨāļāđāļāļāđāļēāļāļīāļĒāļĄāđāļāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļāļāđāļāļĢ āļāļāđāļāļīāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĪāļāļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļēāļāļāļĩāđāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāļāļāļāļāļļāļāļĨāļēāļāļĢ āļāļģāđāļāļŠāļđāđāļāļāļāđāļāļĢāđāļŦāđāļ âāļ§āļąāļāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒâāļāļģāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ : āļ§āļąāļāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒ, āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒ, āļāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļļāļāļ āļēāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĨAbstract Objectives: To explore the meaning and nature of safety culture perceived by hospital personnel, and to search for factors affecting the development of safety culture at Hang Dong Hospital, Chiang Mai Province. Method: This study was a qualitative research by in-depth interview. Sample was 36 workers of Hang Dong Hospital selected by purposive sampling, according to their management level. We used semi-structured and open-ended questions to collect data from March to June 2019, and analyzed the data by content analysis. Results: Hospital personnel recognized safety culture through 7 characteristics; 1) sharing a common goal for safety, 2) working in accordance with the action plans for quality and safety, 3) having basic mindsets and behaviors for working with safety, 4) employing surveillance systems for preventing unsafe incidents, 5) working as a team for safety environment, 6) accepting an error and preventing repeated errors, and 7) having process for knowledge transferring in safety management. Factors contributing to the development of a safety culture included leadership, organizational management, and personal factors. These three set of factors supported the development of safe behavior among personnel at Hang Dong Hospital. Conclusion: An organization develops the seven characteristics of a safety culture by integrating leadership, organizational management, and personal factors together. This combination affects personal value, which will form a safe working behavior, resulting in the organization of "safety culture." Keywords: safety culture, patient safety, hospital quality assuranc
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