Ipelegeng, 1918-1994 : van plakkerskamp tot dorpsgrond : 'n historiese studie

Thesis (MA (Geskiedenis))--PU vir CHO, 1997According to present provincial division Schweizer-Reneke, of which Ipelegeng forms part, is in the North-West Province. Neighbouring towns are Delareyville, Bloemhof en Christiana. SchweizerReneke is 322 kilometres from Johannesburg. (Seep. vi). In 1991 there were about 1 032 white, 1 927 black, 105 Coloured and 32 Indian households. It means that 62% of the total households in 1991 were black. 1 According to the latest census (1996) the population of Schweizer-Reneke were 3 500 whites, 600 Coloureds, 400 Indians and 70 000 blacks. The figure of especially the blacks is variable because they are always move around from and to the residential area? (Seep. vii). The Schweizer-Reneke district is mainly a fanning community where maize, sunflower and peanut crops are planted. There are also farmers who keep cattle and small stock. The climate is characterised by very hot summers and cold winters. In mid-summer the average maximum temperature for January is 32,8 °C. In June, usually the coldest month, the temperature varies between 0,6 °C and 19,4 °C. According to the rainfall figures for the previous twenty years the rainfall can be described as uncertain. In 1977, for example, it was 950 mm, and in 1985 300 mm. For 1996, 562 mm was recorded. 3 Schweizer-Reneke was founded in 1888 on the banks of the Harts River, the western boundary of the former Zuid-Afrikaansche Republic (ZAR). The territory was known as "Massouw Lokati". This was the reservation (also called location) given to the Korannas as their terrain. The Korannas, however, were opposed to living here as ZAR subjects. In the Battle of Mamusa in 1885 the Korannas were defeated by the ZAR and they lost their independence. Schweizer-Reneke was to be established three years later. Before the South African war (1899-1902) black people had already lived in a location at Schweizer-Reneke. The lifestyle and conditions in the location at Schweizer-Reneke can be compared to those in today' s squatter camps. The location was not formally laid out or proclaimed and no basic services were not provided for owing to, amongst others, a lack of funds. The Town Council of Schweizer -Reneke neglected development of this location. With the outbreak of the Spanish Flu Epidemic in 1918 the Town Council of Schweizer-Reneke was forced to improve the inadequate and deficient services in the location in order to prevent the flu to spread to the surrounding areas. This led to the proclamation of a larger location (named Location Two) further away from the white town. Basic services were established in both the old and new location. It was only by 1940 that Location One was officially proclaimed as location and obtain full status as black location. After the enforcement of the Group Areas Act of 1950 Location One was disposed of and Location Two became the only black area opened for settlement. This black suburb developed its own identity in the early 1970's and came to be called Ipelegeng. As a result of the political changes from 1972 to 1995 lpelegeng evolved from being only a representative local council to a responsible local managing board. In this study Chapter One will shed more light on the development history of lpelegeng, the focus being on the earlier settlement patterns and community development in the vicinity of SchweizerReneke up to 1918. In Chapter Two the Spanish Influenza of 1918 is discussed as turning point in the development of a black township. Chapter Three covers the time from 1945 to 1972 that portrays a period of separation and turmoil in the creating of a local independence. Community development in lpelegeng, within the framework of political changes in South Africa from 1972 to 1995, forms the key aspect of Chapter Four. The concluding Chapter is an evaluation of the black township development at Schweizer-Reneke in which the main developments and key aspects of lpelegengs process of becoming a town are accentuated.Master

Die ekonomiese ontwikkeling en invloed van die Elektrotegniese Aannemersvereniging (S.A.), in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie, 1948-2000

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2001In the South African economy the existence and role of associations pertaining to occupation and profession can, as viewed from a historical perspective, be considered as one of the least researched themes. In August 1997 the History Department of the Potchefstroom University for Higher Christian Education started a project in connection with the Electro technical Contractors' Association of South Africa, ECA(SA), one of the main aims of the investigation being to put on record the historical development of the ECA(SA). The project has since developed into a fully-fledged research project which includes a decision to determine whether the ECA(SA) in its capacity as national occupation related association has played a major role in the electro technical industry during the years between its foundation in 1949 and the present year, 2000. Apart from focusing on occupation-related associations, this study also revealed a number of questions with regard to the country's development historically. One of the questions that arose was whether or not the associations played, or are still playing, a decisive role in uplifting the country's economy and education, for example training which would result in professionalizing which in turn would improve production and levels of education. A study of this nature is very valuable in the sense that it contributes to a better understanding and evaluation of the role of occupation-related associations in the historical development of South Africa. For the purposes of this study special attention was paid to the electro technical industry, which is representative of a micro-level approach, while macro trends are referred to in as far as the impact exercised by such trends on the electro technical industry was or still is significant. The methodological approach, which was implemented, can also serve as direction indicator for related studies in future, the eventual outcome of which would be the possibility of conducting research of occupation-related associations on comparative and evaluative levels. Secondary publications on the economic history of South Africa are not particury elucidatory about professional associations. Useful sources in this regard are J.A. Jackson, Professions and professionalization (1983); J. Louw, Profesionalizing Psychology (1988): C.l. Gilb, Hidden Hierachieves: The Professions and the Government (1978); B. Wesner, Operating Employee Association (1985). Since the nineteenth century valuable contributions to the national development has been made by the electro technical industry, especially within the organised structure of the prominent professional association in the building industry. Shortly after the Second World War (1939-1945), increasing expertise, work opportunity and involvement of a growing number of experts led to the founding of a national professional association for electrical contractors, in 1949. This study has made it clear that the ECA(S.A.) has made an essential contribution to the national electro technical development down to 2000. Supply and installation of electricity as a necessary service fixed the focus on greater expertise and speciality in a fast-changing technological world. This has contributed to the establishment of the ECA(S.A.) as a leading role player in the infrastructural development of South Africa. The narrative history of the ECA(S.A.) as a professional association can not, as the study shows, be separated from the socioeconomic history of South Africa. It also forms part of business history. Within this framework present historiographical aspects such as affirmative action, mentors, collective bargaining, career path and workers and product safety are discussed. The objective of this study was to stipulate the historical development of the ECA(S.A.) as a professional association. The study also defines the contribution of the ECA(S.A.) to the technocracy and professionalization of the electrical industry as service supplier to the consumer in South Africa. The contribution in respect of work creation, in-service training and capacity building in the electrical industry is also referred to. Additionally, the true nature of professional associations is stipulated as well as the specified mission of such an association. (See Chapter One) The drawing up of a national code of practice for guaranteed payment to sub-contractors was a special form and guarantee with which the ECA(S.A.) provided its members. In Chapter One the roles of professional associations is briefly discussed from within the history of mankind and in particular the Industrial Revolution. A few similarities between trade unions and professional associations are discussed. The changes in the economic structure from home industries to factory systems lead to the fact that the electro technical industry had a prominent place in advanced infrastructure enforcement societies. Chapter Two concentrates mostly on the origin and development history of the ECA(S.A.) between 1949-1955. As part of this the problems the ECA(S.A.) had with double membership with the MBA(S.A.) are discussed. Chapter Three focuses on the manner in which the ECA(S.A.) promoted professionalization within the electro technical industry. In order to do so the ECA(S.A.) was a founder- member of the National Apprenticeship Committee. The ECA(S.A.) also drew up a Code of Conduct and reviewed the tender and contract conditions. Chapter Four links up with Chapter Three in which the ECA(S.A.)'s devolution from the MBA(S.A.) since 1955 till 1977 is discussed. In its pursuit of total independence the ECA(S.A.) did not get the full co-operation of the Building Industries Federation (BIFSA). DE affiliation from BIFSA followed in 1972. With this the ECA(S.A.) developed its own character and style to recruit new members and to professionalize the electrical contractor's industry. The period between 1978 and 1994 is described in Chapter Five - including the continued professional and industrial development of the ECA(S.A.) as independent association till the new political order of 1994. As part of it the ECA(S.A.)'s involvement in the revision of a guarantee payment to sub-contractors is discussed. Hereby played an important role in the protection of ECA(S.A.) members as subcontractors. Chapter Six (1995-2000) focuses on the ECA(S.A.)'s adaptation and acceptance within the new political order that came into being during 1994. The empowerment of black electrical contractors and the responsible implementation of affirmative action are indications of the ability of the association to adjust to the new system. Chapter Seven serves as a recapitulation and evaluation to discuss this historical development and contribution of the ECA(S.A.) as a professional association of electrical contractors in South Africa. The contribution and influence of the ECA(S.A.) on the technocracy and professionalization of the electro technical industry receives attention.Doctora