Women Crafting New Work: The Learning of Women Entrepreneurs

This report presents findings of a cross-Canada qualitative study examining learning processes of new women business-owners, to explore the emergence and nature of women’s experiential or ‘informal’ learning in work they invent

Reply to “Comment on ‘Revisiting the 1872 Owens Valley, California, Earthquake’ by Susan E. Hough and Kate Hutton” by William H. Bakun

Bakun (2009) argues that the conclusions of Hough and Hutton (2008) are wrong because the study failed to take into account the Sierra Nevada attenuation model of Bakun (2006). In particular, Bakun (2009) argues that propagation effects can explain the relatively high intensities generated by the 1872 Owens Valley earthquake. Using an intensity attenuation model that attempts to account for attenuation through the Sierra Nevada, Bakun (2006) infers the magnitude estimate (M_w 7.4–7.5) that is currently accepted by National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC)

The Capricious Cushion: The Implications of the Directors and Insurance Liability Crisis on Canadian Corporate Governance

One of the clearest legacies of the growing concern expressed over the international competitiveness of Canadian and American businesses has been the urgency it has lent to a very old debate respecting the efficacy of the apparatus used to govern the business and affairs of large, public corporations. For instance, Michael Porter, one of the most articulate - if not the most prolific - of the new competitiveness scholars, has suggested that American economic performance could be improved by enhancing the performance of the traditional corporate governance apparatus. In this respect, his suggestions closely track the thrust of recent reform initiatives proposed by investors and regulators who seek to increase the performance of the board by making it more responsive, indeed responsible, to shareholder interests. Although some of the current critics of the corporate board have placed exclusive faith in the ability of market mechanisms to ensure heightened board effectiveness, most initiatives rely to some extent on strengthened legal duties and responsibilities to achieve this task. And, as measured by the growing willingness of both courts and securities regulators to impose liability on directors for failing to review diligently various corporate transactions (i.e., self-interested transactions, public financings, etc.), it is clear that the reformist calls made by these critics are slowly but surely being heeded. Paralleling the trend to increased legal liability of boards for actions that are inimical to shareholder interests has been an equally clear trend towards enhanced legal responsibility for corporate conduct deemed contrary to broader stakeholder or community interests

Influence of Body Weight Category on Outcomes in Candidemia Patients Treated With Anidulafungin

BACKGROUND: Case reports and pharmacokinetic data suggest off-label echinocandin dosing may be needed to reach adequate serum concentrations in obese patients. Few outcome studies exist evaluating this population. OBJECTIVES: Of this study were to (1) determine the association of body mass index (BMI) with clinical outcomes of candidemia patients on standard doses of anidulafungin and (2) characterize fungal infections by body weight. METHODS: A retrospective cohort was conducted to evaluate hospitalized patients treated for candidemia with anidulafungin at Food and Drug Administration-labeled dosing for at least 72 hours from January 1, 2014, through January 31, 2018. Candidemia was diagnosed by blood culture or T2 magnetic resonance (T2MR). Patients were compared according to BMI category. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-three patients were included. CONCLUSION: There was no difference detected in mortality among patients with candidemia across BMI category. Larger studies are needed to confirm whether standard doses of anidulafungin are sufficient for candidemia in obese patients

Revisiting the 1872 Owens Valley, California, Earthquake

The 26 March 1872 Owens Valley earthquake is among the largest historical earthquakes in California. The felt area and maximum fault displacements have long been regarded as comparable to, if not greater than, those of the great San Andreas fault earthquakes of 1857 and 1906, but mapped surface ruptures of the latter two events were 2–3 times longer than that inferred for the 1872 rupture. The preferred magnitude estimate of the Owens Valley earthquake has thus been 7.4, based largely on the geological evidence. Reinterpreting macroseismic accounts of the Owens Valley earthquake, we infer generally lower intensity values than those estimated in earlier studies. Nonetheless, as recognized in the early twentieth century, the effects of this earthquake were still generally more dramatic at regional distances than the macroseismic effects from the 1906 earthquake, with light damage to masonry buildings at (nearest-fault) distances as large as 400 km. Macroseismic observations thus suggest a magnitude greater than that of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, which appears to be at odds with geological observations. However, while the mapped rupture length of the Owens Valley earthquake is relatively low, the average slip was high. The surface rupture was also complex and extended over multiple fault segments. It was first mapped in detail over a century after the earthquake occurred, and recent evidence suggests it might have been longer than earlier studies indicated. Our preferred magnitude estimate is Mw 7.8–7.9, values that we show are consistent with the geological observations. The results of our study suggest that either the Owens Valley earthquake was larger than the 1906 San Francisco earthquake or that, by virtue of source properties and/or propagation effects, it produced systematically higher ground motions at regional distances. The latter possibility implies that some large earthquakes in California will generate significantly larger ground motions than San Andreas fault events of comparable magnitude

Preliminary Report on the 1995 Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence in Eastern California

The Ridgecrest earthquake sequence began on 17 August 1995 with a M_L 5.4 earthquake. As of October 3, 1995, the Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN) had recorded over 4,500 events in the sequence, with eight events of M ≥ 4.0. These earthquakes are occurring along the eastern edge of the Indian Wells Valley along a small stretch of the thoroughgoing Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ). Previous large events within the ECSZ include the 1992 (M_w 7.3) Landers earthquake sequence and the 1872 (M 7.6) Owens Valley earthquake. The only large earthquake to occur near Indian Wells Valle, was the 1946 Walker Pass (M 6.0) earthquake on an unknown fault in the Sierra Nevada mountains to the west. The ECSZ transfers some of the relative motion between the North America and Pacific Plates away from the San Andreas fault to the western Great Basin of the Basin and Range province

The prevalence of headache disorders in Postural Tachycardia Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature

BACKGROUND: Headache is a common presentation of postural tachycardia syndrome, yet robust prevalence data is lacking. OBJECTIVES: To undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of headache disorders in postural tachycardia syndrome, and to explore the potential shared pathophysiological mechanisms that underpin these conditions as well as treatment options. METHODS: Three databases were searched for publications evaluating prevalence of migraine (primary outcome) and general and orthostatic headache (secondary outcomes) in patients with postural tachycardia syndrome. Two independent reviewers selected studies and extracted data. A random-effects meta-analysis calculated the pooled prevalence of migraine in postural tachycardia syndrome. A narrative literature review explored the pathophysiology and treatment options for concurrent headache disorders and postural tachycardia syndrome. RESULTS: Twenty-three articles met inclusion criteria. Estimated pooled prevalence of migraine in postural tachycardia syndrome was 36.8% (95% CI 2.9-70.7%). Various shared pathophysiological pathways for these conditions, as well as proposed treatment strategies, were identified.Limitations: Heterogeneity of study design, populations, and methodology for identifying headache disorders and postural tachycardia syndrome limited the generalisability of results. CONCLUSIONS: Migraine is a commonly reported comorbidity in POTS, however the true prevalence cannot be determined from the current literature. Further studies are required to assess this comorbidity and investigate the underlying mechanisms, as well as identify effective treatment strategies