The use of airborne laser scanning for inventory and monitoring of landslides in the Łaśnica area (Lanckorona Commune),Wielickie Foothills, Outer (Lanckorona Commune), Wielickie Foothills, Outer Carpathians

In recent years a regular activity has been taken for the registration and monitoring of areas at risk of mass movements and landslides throughout Poland. Extensive inventory work in the sites predisposed to occurrence of landslides, initiated a search in order to improve traditional methods of mapping landslides. The traditional method relies mainly on the analysis of topographic maps, geological and geomorphological mapping in the field. For areas of extreme danger the newer mainly non-invasive methods were tried to be used such as a satellite or aerial photos. In this article have been also tested one of the more modern methods of three-dimensional imaging earth - Airborne Laser Scanning. This method is applicable to the selected landslide in the region of Łaoenica (Municipality Lanckorona). Amajor advantage of the method is the ability to filter out vegetation and other objects on the ground, which results in precise terrain model. Multiple imaging using laser scanning method, allows to obtain a precise differential model, thus in effect information on landslide activity

Application of the SAR interferometric methods to identify the mobility of the salt structures in central Poland on the example of the salt diapir in Inowrocław

Wysad solny Inowrocław jest typową formą geologiczną dla regionu Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej, znajdującej się w centralnej Polsce. W ujęciu regionalnym obszar wysadu solnego Inowrocławia jest genetycznie związany z tektoniką blokową podłoża kompleksu permskiego, która była jednym z ważniejszych czynników inicjujących i warunkujących dźwiganie się antyklin solnych ku górze. Strefy tektoniczne, zakorzenione w głębokim podłożu, kontynuują się ku warstwom przypowierzchniowym, wykazując do dziś aktywność tektoniczną. Aktywność ta wpływa na zachowanie się terenu bezpośrednio w otoczeniu wysadu solnego Inowrocław. W zaprezentowanych badaniach wykorzystano dane pozyskane w technice persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI), w celu zbadania zależności pomiędzy pionowymi ruchami terenu a wykształceniem strukturalno-geologicznym wysadu solnego oraz wykształceniem powierzchni morfologicznej podłoża osadów czwartorzędu. Badania były prowadzone w wymiarze lokalnym (wysad solny Inowrocław) oraz regionalnym (fragmenty antyklin solnych Inowrocławia, Gopła, Barcina i Góry). Stwierdzono proste zależności pomiędzy ukształtowaniem powierzchni terenu i podłoża czwartorzędu a mapą przedstawiającą rozkład wartości ruchów pionowych. Przypuszcza się, iż mechanizm mobilności terenu nad wysadem solnym Inowrocław związany jest ze współczesną aktywnością halotektoniczną, a za wypiętrzanie lub osiadanie terenu odpowiedzialnych jest wiele różnych czynników. Są to między innymi: litologia (np. reakcja czapy gipsowej z wodami podziemnymi różnych poziomów, powodująca zwiększenie objętości skały lub, przez utratę wilgoci, osiadanie kompleksu gipsowego), tektonika (uskoki, tektonika solna), wpływ eksploatacji górniczej oraz zmiany poziomu wód gruntowych. Przybliżone wartości przemieszczeń terenu w rejonie wysadu solnego i w rejonie pobliskich struktur solnych określają wyniki badań interferometrii satelitarnej PSI. Wyznaczenie stref aktywnych tektonicznie dzięki przeprowadzonej szczegółowej analizie geologiczno-strukturalnej pozwoliło określić charakter stwierdzonych ruchów. W procesie podnoszenia i osiadania terenu dopatrzono się również związków z naturalnymi, współczesnymi procesami halotektoniki. Zaprezentowane wyniki badań pokazują wagę i potencjał wykorzystania metody PSI oraz technik satelitarnej interferometrii radarowej do badania ruchów masowych w rejonie struktur solnych.The presence of salt structures in the Inowrocław area of the Kujawy region constitutes the geological setting, which is typical for lowlands of Central Poland. In the regional aspect salt structure in the Inowrocław area is genetically connected with block tectonic of the subsurface of Permian complex. It was one of the most important factor initiating uplift of the salt anticlines. Tectonic zones, rooted in the deep substratum show activity till the present times. This activity influences at the configuration of the terrain surface in the vicinity of the Inowrocaw salt diapir. Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) method was applied for studying relationships between vertical movements of the earth surface and structural – geological development of the Inowrocław diapir as well as morphological surface of Quaternary substratum. These investigations were carried out in the local scale (around Inowrocław salt diapir) and regional (fragments of the salt anticlines of Inowrocław, Gopło, Barcin and Góra). Simple relationships were confirmed between shape of the terrain relief and Quaternary substratum and map of the distribution of the vertical movements. It is assumed that mechanism of the terrain mobility above Inowrocław salt diapir is connected with contemporary halotectonic activity. However, for the uplift and subsidence of this area are responsible many other factors. There are as follow: lithology (reactions between gypsum cap and groundwater of different horizons, leading to increase of rock volume or lose of moisture content of the gypsum complex, and finally – subsidence), tectonics (faults and halotectonic phenomena), impact of mining exploitation and changes of groundwater levels. Results of analysis of PSI data show approximate values of ground movements in this area. Active tectonic zones determined during detailed geological – structural analysis enabled to better understanding of the character of ground movements. The relationship between ground movements and contemporary halotectonic phenomena was observed, too. Presented data show big potential of the PSI radar satellite methodology for investigation and analysis of ground movements at the areas of salt structures

Geodynamics of the selected areas in Poland on the basis of the satellite radar interferometry

Jako obszary testowe wybrano trzy lokalizacje na terenie Polski charakteryzujące się odmiennym typem krajobrazu, różną budową geologiczną oraz użytkowaniem terenu. Są to: południowe wybrzeże Bałtyku w rejonie Zatoki Gdańskiej, fragment Niziny Mazowieckiej w obrębie aglomeracji warszawskiej oraz wybrane części Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego. Do analizy przemieszczeń wykorzystano dwie metody: PSI (satelity ERS-1, ERS-2 i Envisat) oraz DifSAR (japoński satelita ALOS). Przedstawione przykłady wskazują dużą użyteczność analiz interferometrycznych dla monitorowania ciągłych, powolnych przemieszczeń na powierzchni terenu. Metoda ta powinna być również z powodzeniem wykorzystywana do oceny geozagrożeń związanych z osiadaniami, ruchami masowymi i niestabilnym podłożem.Three areas on the territory of Poland were selected as the test sites. They were characterized by different landscape, geological setting and land use. They cover southern coasts of the Baltic Sea around Gdańsk Bay, fragment of the Mazowian Lowland, including Warsaw agglomeration and selected parts of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. Two methods were used for ground motion analysis: PSI (ERS-1, ERS-2 and Envisat satellites) and DifSAR (ALOS satellite). Examples presented show big potential of the interferometric analysis for monitoring of continuous, slow movements of the ground. This method should be widely used for evaluation of geohazards connected with subsidence, mass movements and unstable subsurface

Recent measurements of soft X-ray emission from the DPF-1000U facility

Soft X-ray imaging is a very useful diagnostic technique in plasma-focus (PF) experiments. This paper reports results of four experimental sessions which were carried out at the DPF-1000U plasma-focus facility in 2013 and 2014. Over 200 discharges were performed at various experimental conditions. Measurements were taken using two X-ray pinhole cameras with a line of sight perpendicular to the z-axis, at different azimuthal angles (about 20° and 200°), and looking towards the centre of the PF-pinch column. They were equipped with diaphragms 1000 μm or 200–300 μm in diameter and coated with filters of 500 μm Al foil and 10 μm Be foil, respectively. Data on the neutron emission were collected with silver activation counters. For time-resolved measurements the use was made of four PIN diodes equipped with various fi lters and oriented towards the centre of the PF-column, in the direction perpendicular to the electrode axis. The recorded X-ray images revealed that when the additional gas-puff system is activated during the discharge, the stability of the discharge is improved. The data collected in these experiments confi rmed the appearance of a filamentary fi ne structure in the PF discharges. In the past years the formation of such fi laments was observed in many Z-pinch type experiments. Some of the recorded X-ray images have also revealed the appearance of the so-called hot- -spots, i.e. small plasma regions of a very intense X-ray emission. Such a phenomenon was observed before in many PF experiments, e.g. in the MAJA-PF device, but it has not been investigated so far in a large facility such as the DPF-1000U. The time-resolved measurements provided the evidence of a time lapse between the X-ray emission from plasma regions located at different distance from the anode surface. The formation of distinct ‘hot-spots’ in different instants of the DPF-1000U discharge was also observed

Recent measurements of soft X-ray emission from the DPF-1000U facility

Soft X-ray imaging is a very useful diagnostic technique in plasma-focus (PF) experiments. This paper reports results of four experimental sessions which were carried out at the DPF-1000U plasma-focus facility in 2013 and 2014. Over 200 discharges were performed at various experimental conditions. Measurements were taken using two X-ray pinhole cameras with a line of sight perpendicular to the z-axis, at different azimuthal angles (about 20° and 200°), and looking towards the centre of the PF-pinch column. They were equipped with diaphragms 1000 μm or 200–300 μm in diameter and coated with filters of 500 μm Al foil and 10 μm Be foil, respectively. Data on the neutron emission were collected with silver activation counters. For time-resolved measurements the use was made of four PIN diodes equipped with various fi lters and oriented towards the centre of the PF-column, in the direction perpendicular to the electrode axis. The recorded X-ray images revealed that when the additional gas-puff system is activated during the discharge, the stability of the discharge is improved. The data collected in these experiments confi rmed the appearance of a filamentary fi ne structure in the PF discharges. In the past years the formation of such fi laments was observed in many Z-pinch type experiments. Some of the recorded X-ray images have also revealed the appearance of the so-called hot- -spots, i.e. small plasma regions of a very intense X-ray emission. Such a phenomenon was observed before in many PF experiments, e.g. in the MAJA-PF device, but it has not been investigated so far in a large facility such as the DPF-1000U. The time-resolved measurements provided the evidence of a time lapse between the X-ray emission from plasma regions located at different distance from the anode surface. The formation of distinct ‘hot-spots’ in different instants of the DPF-1000U discharge was also observed

Measurements of fast electron beams and soft X-ray emission from plasma-focus experiments

The paper reports results of the recent experimental studies of pulsed electron beams and soft X-rays in plasma-focus (PF) experiments carried out within a modifi ed PF-360U facility at the NCBJ, Poland. Particular attention was focused on time-resolved measurements of the fast electron beams by means of two different magnetic analyzers, which could record electrons of energy ranging from about 41 keV to about 715 keV in several (6 or 8) measuring channels. For discharges performed with the pure deuterium fi lling, many strong electron signals were recorded in all the measuring channels. Those signals were well correlated with the fi rst hard X-ray pulse detected by an external scintillation neutron-counter. In some of the analyzer channels, electron spikes (lasting about dozens of nanoseconds) and appearing in different instants after the current peculiarity (so-called current dip) were also recorded. For several discharges, fast ion beams, which were emitted along the z-axis and recorded with nuclear track detectors, were also investigated. Those measurements confi rmed a multibeam character of the ion emission. The time-integrated soft X-ray images, which were taken side-on by means of a pinhole camera and sensitive X-ray fi lms, showed the appearance of some fi lamentary structures and so-called hot spots. The application of small amounts of admixtures of different heavy noble gases, i.e. of argon (4.8% volumetric), krypton (1.6% volumetric), or xenon (0.8% volumetric), decreased intensity of the recorded electron beams, but increased intensity of the soft X-ray emission and showed more distinct and numerous hot spots. The recorded electron spikes have been explained as signals produced by quasi-mono-energetic microbeams emitted from tiny sources (probably plasma diodes), which can be formed near the observed hot spots

Issues concerning the application of satellite interferometry in geological investigations

Przedstawiono problematykę wykorzystania interferometrii radarowej do badania geodynamiki i ruchów powierzchni terenu wybranych obszarów Polski. Zinterpretowano wyniki tej metody dla Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego (GZW) oraz południowego wybrzeża Bałtyku w rejonie Zatoki Gdańskiej. Omówiono możliwości i ograniczenia satelitarnej techniki radarowej do badania analizy przemieszczeń powierzchni terenu. Dla obszaru GZW zastosowano dwie metody: PSI (satelity ERS-1 i ERS-2) oraz DifSAR (japoński satelita ALOS), które wykazały dużą użyteczność w badaniach osiadań terenu na obszarach górniczych i pogórniczych. Do analizy geodynamiki południowego wybrzeża Bałtyku w rejonie Zatoki Gdańskiej zastosowano metodę PSI. Zaobserwowano, że przeważająca część aglomeracji Gdańska, Gdyni i Sopotu jest stabilna lub prawie stabilna. Jednym z wyjątków jest obszar rafinerii gdańskiej, gdzie odnotowano osiadania sięgające –12 mm/rok. Stwierdzono, że interferometria radarowa jest bardzo przydatna do oceny ruchów powierzchni terenu – zagadnienia często rozpatrywanego w praktyce geologiczno-inżynierskiej.The questions of the satellite interferometry method application for research studies of the geodynamics and ground movements in selected areas of Poland have been presented in this paper. The results of interferometric analysis from Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) and Southern Baltic Coasts in the region of Gdańsk Bay were revealed. The advantages and limitations of the satellite interferometry for the ground movements studies have been also discussed. In the USCB area two interferometric methods were applied: PSI (based on the analysis of the data from satellites ERS-1 and ERS-2) and DifSAR (based on the analysis of the data from the Japanese satellite – ALOS). The results of interpretation have shown big utility for investigations of subsidence at the mining and post mining areas. On the basis of the PSI analysis of Southern Baltic Coasts several interesting phenomena have been observed. It was confi rmed that predominant part of Gdańsk-Gdynia-Sopot agglomeration is stable or nearly stable. One exception has been observed in the region of the Gdańsk Refinery, where the subsidence rate of 12 mm/year was confi rmed. On the basis of the presented examples it could be concluded that the satellite interferometry is extremely useful for ground movement studies in the engineering-geological practice