IL-6 expression.

<p>Representative photomicrographs for IL-6 (1:400) immunohistochemical staining of fetal skin. (A) control; (B) LPS at 16 h; (C) LPS and IL-1ra at 16 h exposure. (D) The number of positive cells (arrow), that were counted between groups. (magnification bar represents 20 μm). <b>*</b>indicates a significant increase in the number of positive cells relative to the untreated control. ɸ indicates a significant decrease in number of positive cells relative to LPS.</p

Pancytokeratin expression.

<p>Representative photomicrographs for pancytokeratin (1:2500) immunohistochemical staining of fetal skin. (A) control; (B) LPS at 16 h; (C) LPS and IL-1ra at 16 h exposure. (D) Graph shows the comparison between groups in the percent of positive cells of different intensity stain; intense (arrow), moderate and no stain (magnification bar represents 20 μm). <b>*</b>indicates a significant difference in the percent of positive cell between LPS at 16 hours and untreated control group. ɸ indicates a significant difference in the percent of positive cell between LPS group and LPS plus IL-1ra group at 16 hours.</p

<i>Treatment groups</i> Intra-amniotic injections of LPS, IL-1β, and <i>Ureaplasma parvum</i> (UP) or saline were performed in multiparous macaques of similar weight and age.

<p>Separate animals were used for controls for each treatment group. Mean fetal weights at tissue collection were not different between groups.</p

Cytokine PCR Analysis.

<p>Quantitative PCR analysis of cytokines in fetal rhesus macaque skin following intra-amniotic exposure with LPS, IL-1β or UP and for different times of exposure (Panel a, b and c). Cytokine expression for LPS and LPS plus IL-1ra exposure groups (Panel d, e and f). Graphs represent mean mRNA fold change ± SD. <b>*</b>indicates a significant increase in transcript expression relative to untreated control group normalized to a value for 1.0. ɸ indicates a significant decrease in transcript expression relative to LPS at 16 hours.</p

Summary of PCR sets.

<p>Summary of PCR sets.</p