On the influence of the cosmological constant on gravitational lensing in small systems

The cosmological constant Lambda affects gravitational lensing phenomena. The contribution of Lambda to the observable angular positions of multiple images and to their amplification and time delay is here computed through a study in the weak deflection limit of the equations of motion in the Schwarzschild-de Sitter metric. Due to Lambda the unresolved images are slightly demagnified, the radius of the Einstein ring decreases and the time delay increases. The effect is however negligible for near lenses. In the case of null cosmological constant, we provide some updated results on lensing by a Schwarzschild black hole.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure; v2: extended discussion on the lens equation, references added, results unchanged, in press on PR

Linguistic justice, Soviet legacies and post-Soviet <i>realpolitik</i>: the ethnolinguistic cleavage in Moldova

This article analyses the reasons for continuing difficulties in overcoming ethnolinguistic polarization in Moldova, and the complexities in bringing about linguistic justice. It is argued that factors affecting these dynamics are: Soviet legacies, and particularly perceptions of ethnolinguistic identity as ‘exclusive’; and the politicization of language, including with regard to choices on how to manage Soviet legacies. Both factors, in turn, are influenced by the specific geopolitical situation in which Moldova finds itself. The article is divided into four sections: first, it contextualizes the case of Moldova within the post-Soviet world; second, it introduces concepts of linguistic justice and links them to the Moldovan case; third, it provides an overview of the political circumstances surrounding the discourse around language issues in Moldova since independence in 1991; and fourth, it shows how linguistic justice is complicated by Soviet legacies and the politicization of language, leading to differing perceptions of justice and nation-building present in Moldovan society. The article concludes that the linguistic (and political) divide, as well as underlying ethnolinguistic tensions, can be overcome only through the deinstitutionalization of ethnolinguistic difference, the depoliticization of language, and the construction of an inclusive Moldovan identity with a greater openness to hybridity