Phenotyping of genomic selection panel for resistance to foliar fungal diseases and nutritional quality traits in groundnut

The present investigation was aimed to evaluate Genomic Selection Panel (GSP) comprising 340 diverse improved germplasm for two major foliar fungal diseases i.e. rust and late leaf spot (LLS), yield and nutritional quality traits in multi-location evaluation trials. The study was also aimed to conduct a preliminary evaluation of GSP for the level of genetic and molecular diversity, and allelic richness for the targeted traits which is a pre-requisite for Genomic Selection. Marker-trait association for different traits such as disease resistance, yield and nutritional quality was also done to validate markers on a diverse set of genotypes and to find significant markers linked to the traits of interest that can potentially be deployed in marker-assisted breeding. The results revealed significant genotypic, environment and genotype × environment interaction variances for all the traits studied. Breeding lines with high levels of resistance to LLS and rust and that are stable across the environments were identified that will be used as parents in breeding resistant varieties. The negative association of both the diseases with yield and nutritional quality traits indicates an adverse effect of LLS and rust on these traits. Sufficient level of phenotypic and molecular diversity and allelic richness (33 alleles per locus) was observed in GSP for both the diseases with a higher number of unique and rare alleles per locus. Low level of genetic variability in GSP reported for nutritional quality traits across the environments indicated that improvement of these characters was not attempted in the breeding program in the absence of robust, non-destructive and cost-effective phenotyping tools. So, there is a need of robust phenotyping and advance genomic tools to improve the quality traits in groundnut. The stable genotypes identified for the traits under study will be useful to develop new cultivars that are least influenced by environment. Grouping of genotypes based on marker data corresponded well with their botanical classification, place of breeding and expression of different traits across the environment. Deployment of identified potential marker-trait association explaining high phenotypic variation for LLS (GM 1009, GM 2301 and TC6H03) and rust (GM 2301 and IPAHM 103) in marker-assisted breeding would enhance intensity and accuracy of selection. There was high frequency (25.9%) of mutant allele of ahFAD2A reported in GSP whereas, mutant allele of ahFAD2B gene was not detected, except for SunOleic 95R a high oleic genotype released by the USA. More efforts need to be diverted to develop high oleic lines through incorporating both the mutant alleles into desirable genetic backgrounds. There was no significant difference in the mean oleic acid observed for individuals carrying mutant allele on A genome (ahFAD2A) with individual carrying wild-type allele. Therefore, it is concluded that presence of both the mutant alleles is required for desired levels of high oleic content

Ecological Studies of Cestode Parasites of Some Marine Fishes along the Raigad coast (M.S) India

     This communication deals with ecological studies of cestode parasites of some marine fishes along the Raigad coast (M.S) India, over a period of one year (June to December 2006 and January to May 2007). The study highlights at establishing the magnitude of parasitization in different fishes as well as quantifying the host specificity of the parasites and their fish hosts. Fish samples were collected from main landing beaches of Raigad coast: Alibag, Borli, Murud, Dighi and Shrivardhan. The fish sample (Host) examined for parasites included: Rastrelliger kanagurata, Dasyatis bleekeri, Dasyatis walga, Aetomylaeus nichoffii, Chiloscyllium palgiosum, Mobula mobular, Carcharihinus dussumeri and Rhynchobatus djeddensis. This study has revealed that out of 8 fishes examined only 5 species were infected with parasites. Dasyatis bleekari infected with Acanthobothrium and Rhinebothrium; Dasyatis walga infected with Tetragonacephalum and Nybelina: Aetomylaeus nichoffii infected with Hexacanalis and Tylocephalum; Chiloscyllium plagiosum infected with Phyllobothrium: Rhynchobatus djeddensis infected with Tetragonacephalum, out of the 5 species Dasyatis bleekari was the most heavily infected increase with age (size) especially in Aetomylaeus nichoffii where very young fish were rarely infected where as     adult  were heavily infected

Carbamate synthesis by solid-base catalyzed reaction of disubstituted ureas and carbonates

This is the published version. Copyright © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2001A simple and efficient methodology to prepare carbamates has been demonstrated for the first time from symmetrical ureas and organic carbonates in the presence of solid base catalysts

Highly efficient sulfimidation of 1,3-dithianes by Cu(I) complexes

A series of four Cu(I) complexes were tested for sulfimidation of 1,3-dithianes in the presence of [N-(p-tolysulfonyl)imino]phenyliodinane (PhI=NTs) as the nitrene-transfer agent. Cu(TMPhen)(PPh3)Br is an efficient catalyst with more than 90% yield of the corresponding product with less reaction time as compared to the literature copper(I) complexes

MUCOADHESIVE MICROSPHERES: AN EMINENT ROLE IN CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY

ABSTRACT Mucoadhesion is simply known as interfacial force interactions between polymeric materials and mucosal tissues. In the last two decades mucoadhesive microspheres have received considerable attention for design of novel drug delivery systems due to their ability to prolong the residence time of dosage forms and to enhance drug bioavailability. Mucoadhesive microspheres have advantages like efficient absorption and enhanced bioavailability of the drugs due to a high surface to volume ratio, a much more intimate contact with the mucus layer, controlled and sustained release of drug from dosage form and specific targeting of drugs to the absorption site. Microspheres are the carrier linked drug delivery system in which particle size is ranges from 1-1000 μm range in diameter having a core of drug and entirely outer layers of polymer as coating material. Keywords: mucoadhesion, microspheres, controlled release, residence time. INTRODUCTION Since many years several kinds of diseases that may be acute or chronic diseases can be treated by using pharmaceutical dosage form like solutions, tablets, capsules, syrups, suspension, emulsion, ointments, creams, gels which can be used as orally, topically, or intravascular route. To get the proper therapeutic effect of these pharmaceutical dosage forms they should be administered several times a day, this results consequently undesirable toxicity, fluctuation in drug level and poor efficiency or therapeutic effect. Controlled release dosage form plays eminent role to overcome the problems which are discussed above. The most important example of controlled drug delivery system is mucoadhesive microspheres which can improve the therapeutic effect of administered drug. Also bioavailability of drug is also better than other conventional system because mucoadhesive microspheres remain close to the mucous membrane and absorption tissue. Drug delivery systems (DDS) that can precisely control the release rates or target drugs to a specific body site have had an enormous impact on the healthcare system. The last two and developing novel delivery systems referred to as "mucoadhesive microspheres". [1] Physiology of mucin Mucus is produced in the eye, ear, nose and mouth. It also lines the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. Its primary functions are the protection and lubrication of the underlying epithelium. Human cervical mucus, for instance, plays an integral role in both conception and contraception. It is essential to understand the structure and physical chemistry of mucus if the latter is to be exploited as a site for bioadhesive controlled drug release. Since the gastrointestinal tract is the primary site for drug absorption, the physiology of this site will be the focus of this discussion. The gelling properties which are essential to the function of mucus are the direct result of the glycoprotein present in the mucosal secretion. This glycoprotein is generally the same for various secretion sites within the body; however, specific and subtle biochemical differences have been identified. Mucus may be either constantly or intermittently secreted. The amount of mucus secreted also varies. The glycoproteinic component of mucus is a high molecular weight, highly glycosylated macromolecular system. This polydisperse natural polymer makes up between 0.5 and 5% of the fully hydrated mucus secretion. [10] The size of the intact molecule is approximately 1.8 x 10 6 , but the molecular weight of undegraded gastric mucin is as high as 4.5 x 10 7 . These macromolecules are highly expanded random coils made up of monomeric glycoproteins which for humans range from 5.5 x 1o 5 in the stomach to 2.4 x lo 5 in the small intestine. Oligosaccharide branches are attached to 63% of the protein core while the remainder of There are 34 disulphide bridges per molecule of rat goblet cell mucin, which has a molecular weight of 2 x 10 6 , while porcine intestinal mucin has 28 bridges per molecule. Human mucin has a similar density of disulphide bonds. The protein spine of the macromolecule has about 800 amino acid residues. Sugar chains are attached at about every three residues along the glycosylated regions; this results in approximately 200 side chains per molecule. This molecule is resistant to proteolytic attack in the glycosylated regions only. Thus, charge interactions may have a significant effect on the behaviour of mucus glycoproteins. The mucous gel covering the epithelium varies in thickness. In the human stomach, the mean thickness is 192 pm, while in the duodenum the thickness ranges from 10 to 400 pm In the gastrointestinal tract, mucus facilitates the passage of food and boluses through the alimentary canal. It also helps shield the epithelium from shear forces induced by peristaltic waves, and resists auto digestion. These functions are promoted by the constant secretion of mucus to replenish losses from turbulence and degradation. In response to an irritant, the amount of acidic side chains in the glycoprotein increases from 50 to 80%, making the macromolecule more negatively charged. The submucosal gland layer increases in depth and the number of goblet cells increases. The total content of non dialysable solids and pH also increase. In the GI tract, DNA and albumin thicken mucus in the diseased state. Mucosal irritation, such as exposure to alcohol or bile salts, elicits accelerated mucin release. Disease can significantly alter the nature and thickness of the mucus. This may lead to a change in the behaviour of the delivery system. Any drug delivery system which is intended to adhere to the mucus epithelium will need to adapt to a substrate which varies in depth and consistency, and may also change biochemically. Hypersecretion, which is more common than hyposecretion during disease, increases the transit rate through the GI tract, and thus reduces the residence time of a mucoadhesive device. Thus, it is essential to consider the physiology of the system when optimizing the formulation of an adhesive controlled release device. CLASSIFICATION OF MUCOADHESIVE POLYMERS Mucoadhesion is defined as interfacial force interactions between polymeric materials and mucosal tissues. In the last two decades mucoadhesive polymers have received considerable attention for design of novel drug delivery systems due to their ability to prolong the residence time of dosage forms and to enhance drug bioavailability. Various administration routes, such as ocular, nasal, gastrointestinal, vaginal and rectal, make mucoadhesive drug delivery systems attractive and flexible in dosage forms development. Mucoadhesive polymers can be classified as,- I. Traditional non-specific first-generation mucoadhesive polymers First-generation mucoadhesive polymers may be divided into three main subsets, namely: (1) Anionic polymers:-Anionic polymers are widely employed for its greatest mucoadhesive strength and low toxicity. These polymers are characterised by the presence of sulphate and carboxyl group that gives rise to net negative charge at PH values exceeding the pka of polymer. Example:-polyacrylic acid (PAA) & its weakly cross linked derivatives, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NACMC) [30] (2) Cationic polymers: -The most conveniently and widely used cationic polymer is chitosan which is produced by deacetylation of chitin. Chitin is a natural polysaccharide found predominantly in the shells of crustaceans such as crabs and shrimp, the cuticles of insects, and the cell walls of fungi. It is one of the most abundant biopolymers next to cellulose Most of the naturally occurring polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, dextran, pectin, alginic acid, agar, agarose and carrageenans, are neutral or acidic in nature, whereas chitin and chitosan are examples of highly basic polysaccharides. The unique properties include II.Novel second-generation mucoadhesive polymers: The major disadvantage in using traditional nonspecific mucoadhesive systems (first generation) is that adhesion may occur at sites other than those intended. Unlike first-generation non-specific platforms, certain second-generation polymer platforms are less susceptible to mucus turnover rates, with some species binding directly to mucosal surfaces; more accurately termed ''cytoadhesives". Furthermore as surface carbohydrate and protein composition at potential target sites vary regionally, more accurate drug delivery may be achievable. MUCOADHESION Due its relative complexity, it is likely that the process of mucoadhesion cannot be described by just one of these theories. In considering the mechanism of mucoadhesion, a whole range 'scenarios' for in-vivo mucoadhesive bond formation are possible. These include: A). Dry or partially hydrated dosage forms contacting surfaces with substantial mucus layers (typically particulates administered into the nasal cavity). B). fully hydrated dosage forms contacting surfaces with substantial mucus layers (typically particulates of many 'First Generation'mucoadhesives that have hydrated in the luminal contents on delivery to the lower gastrointestinal tract). C). Dry or partially hydrated dosage forms contacting surfaces with thin/discontinuous mucus layers (typically tablets or patches in the oral cavity or vagina). D). fully hydrated dosage forms contacting surfaces with thin/discontinuous mucus layers (typically aqueous semisolids or liquids administered into the oesophagus or eye). It is unlikely that the mucoadhesive process will be the same in each case. In the study of adhesion generally, two steps in the adhesive process have been identified Step 2 -Consolidation stage: Various physicochemical interactions occur to consolidate and strengthen the adhesive joint, leading to prolonged adhesion. THEORIES ON MUCOADHESION [4, 5] Various kinds of theories are there which can explain the mechanism of mucoadhesion they are discussed below, TYPES OF MICROSPHERES Mucoadhesive microspheres:-Adhesion can be defined as sticking of drug to the membrane by using the sticking property of the water soluble polymers. Adhesion of drug delivery device to the mucosal membrane such as buccal, ocular, rectal, nasal etc can be termed as bio -adhesion. These kinds of microspheres exhibit a prolonged residence time at the site of application and causes intimate contact with the absorption site and produces better therapeutic action. [26] Magnetic microspheres:-This kind of delivery system is very much important which localises the drug to the disease site. In this larger amount of freely circulating drug can be replaced by smaller amount of magnetically targeted drug. Magnetic carriers receive magnetic responses to a magnetic field from incorporated materials that are used for magnetic microspheres are chitosan, dextran etc. The different type are, Therapeutic magnetic microspheres: Are used to deliver chemotherapeutic agent to liver tumour. Drugs like proteins and peptides can also be targeted through this system.6 Diagnostic microspheres: Can be used for imaging liver metastases and also can be used to distinguish bowel loops from other abdominal structures by forming nano size particles supramagnetic iron oxides. Floating microspheres:-In this type of microspheres the bulk density is less than the gastric fluid and so remains buoyant in stomach without affecting gastric emptying rate. The release rate of drug is slow at the desired rate, if the system is floating on gasteric content and increases gastric residence and increases fluctuation in plasma concentration

A meta-analysis of GFR slope as a surrogate endpoint for kidney failure

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline is causally associated with kidney failure and is a candidate surrogate endpoint for clinical trials of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. Analyses across a diverse spectrum of interventions and populations is required for acceptance of GFR decline as an endpoint. In an analysis of individual participant data, for each of 66 studies (total of 186,312 participants), we estimated treatment effects on the total GFR slope, computed from baseline to 3 years, and chronic slope, starting at 3 months after randomization, and on the clinical endpoint (doubling of serum creatinine, GFR

Genome-based trait prediction in multi- environment breeding trials in groundnut

Genomic selection (GS) can be an efficient and cost-effective breeding approach which captures both small- and large-effect genetic factors and therefore promises to achieve higher genetic gains for complex traits such as yield and oil content in groundnut. A training population was constituted with 340 elite lines followed by genotyping with 58 K ‘Axiom_Arachis’ SNP array and phenotyping for key agronomic traits at three locations in India. Four GS models were tested using three different random cross-validation schemes (CV0, CV1 and CV2). These models are: (1) model 1 (M1 = E + L) which includes the main effects of environment (E) and line (L); (2) model 2 (M2 = E + L + G) which includes the main effects of markers (G) in addition to E and L; (3) model 3 (M3 = E + L + G + GE), a naïve interaction model; and (4) model 4 (E + L + G + LE + GE), a naïve and informed interaction model. Prediction accuracy estimated for four models indicated clear advantage of the inclusion of marker information which was reflected in better prediction accuracy achieved with models M2, M3 and M4 as compared to M1 model. High prediction accuracies (> 0.600) were observed for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, hundred seed weight, oleic acid, rust@90 days, rust@105 days and late leaf spot@90 days, while medium prediction accuracies (0.400–0.600) were obtained for pods/plant, shelling %, and total yield/plant. Assessment of comparative prediction accuracy for different GS models to perform selection for untested genotypes, and unobserved and unevaluated environments provided greater insights on potential application of GS breeding in groundnut

Kinetic modeling of oxidative carbonylation of aniline over palladium/carbon-sodium iodide catalyst

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