A sleep-like state in Hydra unravels conserved sleep mechanisms during the evolutionary development of the central nervous system

Sleep behaviors are observed even in nematodes and arthropods, yet little is known about how sleep-regulatory mechanisms have emerged during evolution. Here, we report a sleep-like state in the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris with a primitive nervous organization. Hydra sleep was shaped by homeostasis and necessary for cell proliferation, but it lacked free-running circadian rhythms. Instead, we detected 4-hour rhythms that might be generated by ultradian oscillators underlying Hydra sleep. Microarray analysis in sleep-deprived Hydra revealed sleep-dependent expression of 212 genes, including cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 (PRKG1) and ornithine aminotransferase. Sleep-promoting effects of melatonin, GABA, and PRKG1 were conserved in Hydra. However, arousing dopamine unexpectedly induced Hydra sleep. Opposing effects of ornithine metabolism on sleep were also evident between Hydra and Drosophila, suggesting the evolutionary switch of their sleep-regulatory functions. Thus, sleep-relevant physiology and sleep-regulatory components may have already been acquired at molecular levels in a brain-less metazoan phylum and reprogrammed accordingly

Genetic and neural pathways for the sleep-regulatory function of ornithine metabolism in Drosophila sleep

Department of Biological Sciencesope

Genetic and neural pathways for the sleep-regulatory function of ornithine metabolism in Drosophila sleep

Sleep is essential physiology conserved across animal species. Evolutionary-development analyses of Drosophila and Hydra sleep have identified ornithine metabolism as a part of the ancestral sleep-regulatory pathways. Here we demonstrate genetic and neural mechanisms underlying sleep-promoting effects of ornithine (SPEO) in Drosophila. Dietary ornithine induced sleep more evidently in wild-type females, consistent with long-sleep phenotypes caused by pan-neuronal depletion or genomic deletion of ornithine aminotransferase that metabolizes ornithine and alpha-ketoglutarate into glutamate and glutamate-5-semialdehyde. Short-sleep mutants of the voltage-gated K+ channel Shaker, but not of the dopamine transporter, were sensitized to the dietary SPEO. By contrast, oral administration of the wake-promoting carbamazepine potently masked the dietary SPEO, whereas an arousing dopamine precursor showed additive effects. Genetic and pharmacological manipulations of Drosophila sleep further supported the implication of GABA transmission in SPEO. Finally, we identified a specific neural locus in the fly brain that controls the dietary SPEO. These data together propose that a key metabolite from the urea cycle may have established sleep-regulatory function in primitive brain-less organisms and then acquired its dedicated genetic and neural pathways during the evolution of the central nervous system

Intelligent Modified Channel and Frequency Offset Estimation Schemes in Future Generation OFDM-Based Packet Communication Systems

The channel estimation and frequency offset estimation scheme for future generation orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM-) based intelligent packet communication systems are proposed. In the channel estimation scheme, we use additional 8 short training symbols besides 2 long training symbols for intelligently improving estimation performance. In the proposed frequency offset estimation scheme, we allocate intelligently different powers to the short and long training symbols while maintaining average power of overall preamble sequence. The preamble structure considered is based on the preamble specified in standardization group of IEEE802.11a for wireless local area network (WLAN) and IEEE802.11p for intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). From the simulation results, it is shown that the proposed intelligent estimation schemes can achieve better mean squared error (MSE) performance for channel and frequency offset estimation error than the conventional scheme. The proposed schemes can be used in designing for enhancing the performance of OFDM-based future generation intelligent communication network systems

Intelligent Modified Channel and Frequency Offset Estimation Schemes in Future Generation OFDM-Based Packet Communication Systems

Abstract The channel estimation and frequency offset estimation scheme for future generation orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM-) based intelligent packet communication systems are proposed. In the channel estimation scheme, we use additional 8 short training symbols besides 2 long training symbols for intelligently improving estimation performance. In the proposed frequency offset estimation scheme, we allocate intelligently different powers to the short and long training symbols while maintaining average power of overall preamble sequence. The preamble structure considered is based on the preamble specified in standardization group of IEEE802.11a for wireless local area network (WLAN) and IEEE802.11p for intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). From the simulation results, it is shown that the proposed intelligent estimation schemes can achieve better mean squared error (MSE) performance for channel and frequency offset estimation error than the conventional scheme. The proposed schemes can be used in designing for enhancing the performance of OFDM-based future generation intelligent communication network systems. </p

Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex of Individuals with Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), which is recommended for the improvement of some pain-related symptoms and for antidepressant treatment, on the primary motor cortex (M1) in patients with fibromyalgia (FM). We searched for studies comparing rTMS and sham rTMS in the M1 of FM patients. Pain intensity, quality of life, health status, and depression were compared with or without rTMS for at least 10 sessions. We searched four databases. Quality assessment and quantitative analysis were performed using RevMan 5.4. After screening, five randomized controlled trials of 170 patients with FM were included in the analysis. As a result of the meta-analysis of rTMS on the M1 of individuals with FM, high-frequency rTMS resulted in a significant improvement on quality of life (MD = &minus;2.50; 95% CI: &minus;3.99 to &minus;1.01) compared with sham rTMS. On the other hand, low-frequency rTMS resulted in a significant improvement on health status (MD = 15.02; 95% CI: 5.59 to 24.45). The application of rTMS to the M1 is proposed as an adjunctive measure in the treatment of individuals with FM. Because rTMS has various effects depending on each application site, it is necessary to classify sites or set frequencies as variables

A Management of Highway Emergency Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication

This paper presents a new protocol and algorithms to manage vehicle emergency situation on highway. The focus is given on how to detect false alarm messages from the vehicles that are not in an effective radius from the accident of concern. This problem is investigated by using a new technique, referred to as Location Counter on Neighborhood Table. The technique facilitates the process of keeping track of the location of other vehicles in an effective radius on top of the vehicle-to-vehicle communication protocol. The cost for the Neighborhood Table is maintained low in a matter of the number of vehicles in the effective radius; and the algorithms by using the Location Counter is kept simple in order to effectively manage emergency highway situations in timely manner. An example is provided to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness

Exercise-Induced Fibroblast Growth Factor-21: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This systematic review aimed to synthesize and quantify the results of the studies investigating the changes in fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) induced by exercise. We searched for studies that did not differentiate between patients and healthy adults but compared them before and after exercise and with and without exercise. For quality assessment, the risk-of-bias assessment tool for nonrandomized studies and the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool were used. A quantitative analysis was performed using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and random-effects model in RevMan 5.4. A total of 94 studies were searched in international electronic databases, and after screening, 10 studies with 376 participants were analyzed. Compared with no exercise, there was a significant increase in the FGF-21 levels from before to after exercise (SMD = 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.21 to 1.89). The changes in FGF-21 levels in the exercise group showed a significant difference from the levels in the controls. The results of the random-effects model were as follows: SMD = 1.12; 95% CI, −0.13 to 2.37. While the data on acute exercise were not synthesized in this study, FGF-21 levels generally increased after chronic exercise compared with no exercise