레저 잠수 인증제도 실태 분석

본 연구는 국내 레저 잠수 인증 제도를 점검하는데 필요한 참고자료로 우선 인증증 그 자체에 대하여 심층 분석하였다. 인증증이 국제적으로 통용될 수 있는 제도적 배경을 부여하고 있는 국제표준 규정에 대하여서 연구하였다. 이를 바탕으로 하여 인증증을 직접 발급 관리하고 있는 인증단체에 대하여 조사하였다. 인증단체에 대한 조사는 역사 및 배경, 잠수 인증과 관련된 각 단체의 고유한 정보를 수집하고 이를 바탕으로 하여 각 잠수 인증 단체별로 비교 가능한 인증 등급을 선정하여 비교, 분석하였다. 그리고 인증단체의 국내에서의 현황과 외국 본부들과의 상관관계에 대해서도 연구하였다. 또한 인증증이 어떻게 국가자격증처럼 성공적으로 정착하게 되었는지 그 과정을 추적하였으며, 결론적으로 이러한 비교, 분석을 통하여 잠수 인증증이 어떻게 발급, 관리되고, 의미를 가져야 하는지를 연구하였다. 연구를 위해서는 인증단체의 대표, 법조계, 의료계 관계자들을 중심으로 폭 넓은 면접이 이루어졌으며, 이외에도 인터넷에 게시된 내용을 많이 활용하였고, 관련 문헌을 조사 하였다. 연구 조사는 2006. 01～2007. 06 동안에 걸쳐서 이루어 졌으며, 이후 자료 분석과 연구를 통하여 논문이 작성되었으며, 조사된 인증단체들의 서열은 알파벳순서로 나열하였다. 잠수 인증제도와 인증증에 대한 체계적인 연구가 이루어짐으로서 우리나라 실정 및 현 제도의 수준을 파악하고, 국내&#8226외의 현안 문제로 대두되고 있는 잠수 인명 사고, 레저 잠수 강습의 질적 수준 문제 등 잠수 활동과 관련된 여러 문제점들에 대한 해결책을 찾는데 매우 유용하게 활용할 수 있을 것이다.목 차 ABSTRACT ⅴ Ⅰ. 서론 1 1. 연구의 필요성 1 2. 연구의 목적 2 3. 연구 문제 2 4. 연구 방법 및 범위 3 Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 5 1. 스쿠버 소개 5 2. 레저 잠수 7 3. 인증증 11 1) 인증증의 유래 11 2) 인증증의 의미 14 3) 인증증의 종류 19 (1) BSAC 20 (2) CMAS KOREA 21 (3) IANTD 23 (4) IDEA 24 (5) NAUI WORLDWIDE 25 (6) PADI 26 (7) PDIC 28 (8) SSI 29 (9) TDISDI 30 (10) YSCUBA 32 4) 인증 절차 33 4. 인증제도의 배경 34 1) 인증제도와 보험 34 2) RSTC 38 3) EN과 ISO 41 Ⅲ. 연구 결과 45 1. 인증단체의 현황 45 1) BSAC 46 2) CMAS KOREA 47 3) IANTD 49 4) IDEA 50 5) NAUI WORLDWIDE 51 6) PADI 53 7) PDIC 54 8) SSI 55 9) TDISDI 56 10) YSCUBA 59 2. 단체별 인증제도의 비교 분석 60 1) 초급과정 명칭 분석 61 2) 설립연도, 웹사이트, 표준 규정 분석 62 3) 입문연령, 잠수표, 수영능력 분석 64 4) 강습시간 분석 66 5) 현장수역 실습, 강사 대 학생 비율 분석 68 Ⅳ. 결론 70 1. 요약 및 결론 70 2. 제언 72 참고문헌 7

Flexible-Device Injector with a Microflap Array for Subcutaneously Implanting Flexible Medical Electronics

Implantable electronics in soft and flexible forms can reduce undesired outcomes such as irritations and chronic damages to surrounding biological tissues due to the improved mechanical compatibility with soft tissues. However, the same mechanical flexibility also makes it difficult to insert such implants through the skin because of reduced stiffness. In this paper, a flexible‐device injector that enables the subcutaneous implantation of flexible medical electronics is reported. The injector consists of a customized blade at the tip and a microflap array which holds the flexible implant while the injector penetrates through soft tissues. The microflap array eliminates the need of additional materials such as adhesives that require an extended period to release a flexible medical electronic implant from an injector inside the skin. The mechanical properties of the injection system during the insertion process are experimentally characterized, and the injection of a flexible optical pulse sensor and electrocardiogram sensor is successfully demonstrated in vivo in live pig animal models to establish the practical feasibility of the concept

Flexible-Device Injector with a Microflap Array for Subcutaneously Implanting Flexible Medical Electronics

Implantable electronics in soft and flexible forms can reduce undesired outcomes such as irritations and chronic damages to surrounding biological tissues due to the improved mechanical compatibility with soft tissues. However, the same mechanical flexibility also makes it difficult to insert such implants through the skin because of reduced stiffness. In this paper, a flexible‐device injector that enables the subcutaneous implantation of flexible medical electronics is reported. The injector consists of a customized blade at the tip and a microflap array which holds the flexible implant while the injector penetrates through soft tissues. The microflap array eliminates the need of additional materials such as adhesives that require an extended period to release a flexible medical electronic implant from an injector inside the skin. The mechanical properties of the injection system during the insertion process are experimentally characterized, and the injection of a flexible optical pulse sensor and electrocardiogram sensor is successfully demonstrated in vivo in live pig animal models to establish the practical feasibility of the concept

Epidemiological and Genetic Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from the Ear Discharge of Outpatients with Chronic Otitis Media

The origin of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains from otolaryngology outpatients has not been evaluated yet in Korea. We analyzed epidemiologic and genetic characteristics of MRSA isolates from the ear discharge of 64 outpatients with chronic otitis media in a Korean University Hospital during 2004. MRSA strains were grouped as either from the initial visit (n=33) or the follow-up visit (n=31) based on the timing of isolation. Healthcare-associated risk factors were frequently present among patients of the initial visit group, especially prior visit to primary clinic (79%) and antibiotic use (73%). SCCmec typing and multilocus sequence typing results showed that two genotypes, ST5-MRSA-II and ST239-MRSA-III, were prevalent in both the initial visit (73% vs. 24%) and the follow-up visit (55% vs. 42%). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis identified eight types, including two major types shared by both groups. We conclude that majority of MRSA strains from ear discharge of chronic otitis media belonged to nosocomial clones that might be circulating in the community. This is the first report of the genetic analysis of MRSA strains from otolaryngology practices in Korea

The Role of Mobile Technology in Tourism: Patents, Articles, News, and Mobile Tour App Reviews

The purpose of this research is to identify the status and role of mobile technology in achieving sustainable and smart tourism, and to suggest future research and strategy directions for academia and managers in practice. This research utilized multiple sources, such as patents, academic articles, and news, and selected methodologies optimized for the purpose of each study. Study 1 used Netminer, a social network analysis program, to analyze the relationships between patent’s International Patent Classification (IPC) codes. Study 2 used the T-LAB program for content analysis to analyze the texts of patents, journal articles, and news. Study 3 used the Leximancer program, which utilizes relative frequency to analyze mobile app consumer reviews. In study 1, we identified various forms of data related technologies and mobile technologies for smart city systems and maps. In study 2, we found the environment, sustainability, business, and market themes to be related to mobile technology. In study 3, we explored consumers’ attitudes and preferences for mobile travel app using their reviews. Advances in mobile technology are expected to create innovative experiences for consumers, foster a sustainable competitive advantage for tourism destinations and tourism-related suppliers, and create sustainable competencies for smart tourism

Sustainable Supply Chain Based on News Articles and Sustainability Reports: Text Mining with Leximancer and DICTION

The purpose of this research is to explore sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) trends, and firms’ strategic positioning and execution with regard to sustainability in the textile and apparel industry based on news articles and sustainability reports. Further analysis of the rhetoric in Chief executive officer (CEO) letters within sustainability reports is used to determine firms’ resoluteness, positive entailments, sharing of values, perception of reality, and sustainability strategy and execution feasibility. Computer-based content analysis is used for this research: Leximancer is applied for text analysis, while dictionary-based text mining program DICTION and SPSS are used for rhetorical analysis. Overall, contents similar to the literature on environmental, social, and economic aspects of the triple bottom line (TBL) are observed, however, topics such as regulation, green incentives, and international standards are not readily observed. Furthmore, ethical issues, sustainable production, quality, and customer roles are emphasized in texts analyzed. The CEO letter analysis indicates that listed firms show relatively low realism and high commonality, while North American firms exhibit relatively high commonality, and Europe firms show relatively high realism. The results will serve as a baseline for providing academia guidelines in SSCM research, and provide an opportunity for businesses to complement their sustainability strategies and executions

Analyzing the Economic Effects of Past Mobile Network Sharing Deals for Future Network Deployment

The increase in data traffic calls for investment in mobile networks; however, the saturating revenue of mobile broadband and increasing capital expenditure are discouraging mobile operators from investing in next‐generation mobile networks. Mobile network sharing is a viable solution for operators and regulators to resolve this dilemma. This research uses a difference‐in‐differences analysis of 33 operators (including 11 control operators) to empirically evaluate the cost reduction effect of mobile network sharing. The results indicate a reduction in overall operating expenditure and short‐term capital expenditure by national roaming. This finding implies that future technology and standards development should focus on flexible network operation and maintenance, energy efficiency, and maximizing economies of scale in radio access networks. Furthermore, mobile network sharing will become more viable and relevant in a 5G network deployment as spectrum bands are likely to increase the total cost of ownership of mobile networks and technical enablers will facilitate network sharing