Assessment of Climate Events in Changma Season (Korean Monsoon) for Production Trend of Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrid (\u3ci\u3eSorghum bicolor\u3c/i\u3e L.) in the Central Inland Regions of Korea Using Time Series Analysis

This study aimed to assess the impact of climate events in the Changma (Korean Monsoon) season on the production trend of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (SSH) in central inland regions using time series analysis. The dataset in Suwon from 1988–2013 (n = 388) was generated by merging SSH data and climate data. The accumulated temperature (SHAT, ℃), rainfall amount (SHRA, mm) and sunshine duration (SHSD, hr) from seeding to harvesting were used to assess their impact on the trend of dry matter yield (DMY, kg/ha) for SSH. Furthermore, heavy rainfall (HRF) and typhoons (TPH) were considered as climate events. As a result, the impact of climate events did not affect DMY, even though the frequency and intensity of HRF increased. Conversely, SHAT and SHRA had positive and negative effects on the trend of DMY, respectively. Therefore, the DMY trend of SSH was forecasted to increase until 2045, unlike maize, which has shown a declining trend. The forecasted DMY in 2045 was 14,926 kg/ha. It is likely that the damage by heavy rainfall and typhoons was reduced due to multiple-harvesting and a deeper extension of the root system. Therefore, in an environment that is rapidly changing due to climate change and abnormal weather, such as the Changma season, the cultivation of SSH would be advantageous as it would ensure a stable and robust yield

Assessment of Causality between Climate Variables and Production for Whole Crop Maize Using Structural Equation Modeling

This study aimed to assess the causality of different climate variables on the production of whole crop maize silage (Zea mays L.; WCM) in the central inland region of the Republic of Korea. Furthermore, the effect of these climate variables was also determined by looking at direct and indirect pathways during the stages before and after silking. The WCM metadata (n = 640) were collected from the Rural Development Administration’s reports of new variety adaptability from 1985‒2011 (27 years). The climate data was collected based on year and location from the Korean Meteorology Administration’s weather information system. Causality, in this study, was defined by various cause-and-effect relationships between climatic factors, such as temperature, rainfall amount, sunshine duration, wind speed and relative humidity in the seeding to silking stage and the silking to harvesting stage. All climate variables except wind speed were different before and after the silking stage, which indicates the silking occurred during the period when the Korean season changed from spring to summer. Therefore, the structure of causality was constructed by taking account of the climate variables that were divided by the silking stage. In particular, the indirect effect of rainfall through the appropriate temperature range was different before and after the silking stage. The damage caused by heat-humidity was having effect before the silking stage while the damage caused by night-heat was not affecting WCM production. There was a large variation in soil surface temperature and rainfall before and after the silking stage. Over 350 mm of rainfall affected dry matter yield (DMY) when soil surface temperatures were less than 22℃ before the silking stage. Over 900 mm of rainfall also affected DMY when soil surface temperatures were over 27℃ after the silking stage. For the longitudinal effects of soil surface temperature and rainfall amount, less than 22℃ soil surface temperature and over 300 mm of rainfall before the silking stage affected yield through over 26℃ soil surface temperature and less than 900 mm rainfall after the silking stage, respectively

Impact of Abnormal Climate Events on the Production of Italian Ryegrass as a Season in the Republic of Korea

This study aimed to assess the impact of abnormal climate events on the production of Italian ryegrass (IRG), such as autumn low-temperature, severe winter cold and spring droughts in the central inland, southern inland and southern coastal regions. Seasonal climatic variables, including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, relative humidity, and sunshine duration, were used to set the abnormal climate events using principal component analysis, and the abnormal climate events were distinguished from normal using Euclidean-distance cluster analysis. Furthermore, to estimate the impact caused by abnormal climate events, the dry matter yield (DMY) of IRG between abnormal and normal climate events was compared using a t-test with 5% significance level. As a result, the impact to the DMY of IRG by abnormal climate events in the central inland of Korea was significantly large in order of severe winter cold, spring drought, and autumn low temperature. In the southern inland regions, severe winter cold was also the most serious abnormal event. These results indicate that the severe cold is critical to IRG in inland regions. Meanwhile, in the southern coastal regions, where severe cold weather is rare, the spring drought was the most serious abnormal climate event. In particular, since 2005, the frequency of spring droughts has tended to increase. In consideration of the trend and frequency of spring drought events, it is likely that drought becomes a NEW NORMAL during spring in Korea. This study was carried out to assess the impact of seasonal abnormal climate events on the DMY of IRG, and it can be helpful to make a guideline for its vulnerability. This study was accepted in the Journal of Animal Science and Technology in 02/NOV/2020

Business Groups and Corporate Social Responsibility

© 2018, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature. There is a growing literature on corporate social responsibility (CSR), but few have focused on the implications of business groups for CSR. We examine the antecedents and outcomes of CSR behaviors of group firms in Korea. We find that group affiliation is associated with higher CSR overall and for its major societal and environmental components. However, the ownership disparity between cash flow and control by controlling inside shareholders is associated with lower CSR, consistent with opportunistic rent expropriation theory. We further find that CSR initiatives can impact group firms positively in the event of bad events, consistent with insurance theory. This motive for CSR as a means of enhancing reputation capital to buffer the bad events is pronounced for group firms because of group-wide dissemination of negative reputational externality

Comparison of Causality of Temperature and Precipitation on Italian Ryegrass (\u3ci\u3eLolium multiflorum\u3c/i\u3e Lam.) Yield between Cultivation Fields via Multi-Group Structural Equation Model Analysis in the Republic of Korea

This study aimed to compare the causality of climatic factors affecting the yield of Italian ryegrass (IRG) between upland fields and paddy fields, by multi-group structure equation modeling. The raw data (n = 728) on forage contains both yield, field type, and the plantation address were collected from the Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. The climatic factors were: growing days, temperature and precipitation - in autumn and next spring seasons - from the climate big data of the weather information system of Korean Meteorology Administration. In the result, the composition of climatic factors was similar, but the causality by the paths was different between upland fields and paddy fields. In particular, yield in the paddy fields was sensitive to autumn precipitation due to short growing days in the rice-rotation system. In the paddy fields, the precipitation effect in both autumn and the next spring indirectly affected yield through temperature. The autumn temperature effect on yield in the paddy fields was 2.82 times greater than in the upland fields, between the two field types, the spring temperature effect was somewhat similar after wintering; thus, IRG cultivation in paddy fields should be limited to the south. However, there is greater suitability for IRG in the upland fields in the autumn, where the benefits of higher temperatures accumulate to offset effectively the short growing days. This study will assist in checking areas suitable for IRG cultivation as a winter forage crop in the Republic of Korea. The structure is being expanded by adding variables related to soil physical properties from soil information system and cultivation management from survey sheets, respectively, to the structure established in this study. This paper was published in the journal, Agriculture (MDPI), last December (Kim and Sung, 2019)

The Optimum Grazing Time Based on Milk Fatty Acids and Yield for Holstein Lactating Cows through Eco-Pastoral System in Alpine Grassland

This study aimed to detect the optimum grazing time based on milk fatty acids and yield for the Holstein cow (Bos taurus) through eco-pastoral system in Korean alpine grassland. The treatment of grazing time was 3 levels: Non-grazing, Half-day grazing, Full-day grazing. First, the difference of milk fatty acids (saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid, Total ω-3, etc.) and milk yield was checked by grazing time via ANOVA. Second, various measurements of milk fatty acids were reduced to principal components for effective and obvious detecting the variation as a grazing time. Final, the variations of milk fatty acid and yield were estimated to calculate the optimum grazing time by regression modeling based on multinomial function. For detecting the optimum grazing time, checking the crossing point between increases of milk fatty acid and decreases of milk yield, and response surface methodology were carried out. As a result, the optimum grazing time was 11.05 h by response surface methodology, respectively. For the optimum grazing time, unsaturated fatty acid, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, eicosatrienoic acid, total ω-3 and milk yield were 17.82 g/100g, 9.14 g/100g, 0.61 g/100g, 2.06 g/100g and 27.16 kg/d, respectively. The 11-hour grazing time was statistically optimal considering milk fatty acid and yield, but it would be minimal level if the loss due to milk yield reduction was covered by a premium grade and potential and long-term benefits were taken into account

Design of Web-based Security Management for Intrusion Detection

Electronic business is rapidly popularized and extended through Internet. Internet has many security weaknesses, so we need the security solution such Intrusion Detection System that minimizes the damage of hacking and responds the intrusion dynamically. It is difficult for legacy management system to process the security environments and electronic business, because legacy system lacks of security policies and integrated security methods. In order to resolve these problems, we need security management system that has standard security policy, consulting, diagnosis, maintenance, and repair function. In this paper, we design and implement Web-based security management for intrusion detection. Our security system consists of network nodes, general hosts and a management node. A management node manages a network node, that is a secure router, and general hosts by security policies. We design the channel between the management node and the network node using IPsec (IP Security). We have applied java and Web to implementing user interface of security system. As the proposed system makes use of Web, security management system is easily accessed through the Web

The Optimum Seeding and Harvesting Dates of Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrid (\u3ci\u3eSorghum bicolor\u3c/i\u3e L.) via Optimum Moving Response Surface Methodology

This study aimed to detect the optimum seeding and harvesting dates, and to verify the variation of dry matter yield (DMY) for sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (SSH) via optimum moving RSM proposed to optimize the RSM in metadata. For detecting the optimum point, a response surface methodology (RSM) has been known well in agricultural science. The SSH metadata (n = 856) consists of individual experiments that could be performed to check the optimum seeding and harvesting dates by classic RSM. However, the SSH metadata failed to produce an effective single equation which can be detected the optimum seeding and harvesting dates due to different characteristics of the experimental design. Therefore, RSM were optimized by moving to an optimum point, it was called the optimum moving RSM in this study. As a result, the optimum seeding and harvesting dates were obvious based on a single quadratic function. The maximum DMY at the optimum seeding and harvesting dates (4th of May and 23th of September, respectively) were 25,404.50 kg/ha and 23,697.01 kg/ha, respectively. The SSH yield was rapidly decreased after 10 days from the optimum date, and the seeding and harvesting should be performed within 5 days to ensure a stable yield. Furthermore, the optimum moving RSM was expected to be useful to detect the optimum point in the metadata. About 11 hours grazing time was suggested focused on milk fatty acid and yield (27 kg/d) for Holstein cows as the optimum through eco-pastoral system. This study will be helpful to select a time of grazing in alpine grassland for farmers who want to produce good quality milk. This paper was published in the journal, Grassland Science (Wiley), in March (Kim et al, 2020)