Acting Locally, Thinking Globally: International Grantmaking Trends for US foundations

This study analyses trends of international grantmaking of US foundations and found out that, while US foundations' funding overseas has increased since 1990, the entire increase is attributable to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Excluding their grants, international giving as a percentage of total grants of US foundations has actually declined. Also, international giving is concentrated: the top 25 foundations account for more than 64% of all international giving. The report analyses a number of barriers for greater international giving and proposes a strategy to promote greater engagement overseas

Strengthening Community Foundations - Redefining the Opportunities

Commissioned by the Council on Foundations and released in October 2003, this white paper details the findings and the implications of our study of costs and revenues at nine community foundations. Offering a new perspective for community foundation sustainability, the white paper proposes that community foundations examine their strategy and operations on a product-by-product basis, taking into account their mission-driven priorities, internal costs, customer preferences and the competing donor alternatives for each type of product or service they offer

Inter-comparison of remote sensing sensing-based shoreline mapping techniques at different coastal stretches of India

Many techniques are available for detection of shorelines from multispectral satellite imagery, but the choice of a certain technique for a particular study area can be tough. Hence, for the first time in literature, an inter-comparison of the most widely used shoreline mapping techniques such as Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified NDWI (MNDWI), Improved Band Ratio (IBR) Method, and Automatic Water Extraction Index (AWEI) has been done along four different coastal stretches of India using multitemporal Landsat data. The obtained results have been validated with the high-resolution images of Cartosat-2 (panchromatic) and multispectral images from Google Earth. Performance of the above indices has been analyzed based on the statistics, such as overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, user's accuracy, producer's accuracy, and the average deviation from the reference line. It is observed that the performance of NDWI and IBR techniques are dependent on the physical characteristics of the sites, and therefore, it varies from one site to another. Results indicate that unlike these two indices, the AWEI algorithm performs consistently well followed by MNDWI irrespective of the land cover types

The role of computed tomography chest in correlating with the severity and outcome of COVID-19 patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital in South India

Aim: To assess the role of computed tomography (CT) chest in correlating with the severity and outcome of COVID-19 Patients. Background and Materials and Methods: A prospective study was done on 160 hospitalized patients who were COVID-19 positive by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in Apollo Hospital, Greams Road, Chennai, India. We collected epidemiological data, comorbidities, clinical manifestations, oxygen requirement, and CT chest details of all patients. All images were reviewed by a single consultant radiologist and CT chest severity scoring was done as per the guidelines published in the American Journal of Radiology. CT chest severity score (CTSS) was then compared with clinical severity and various parameters. Results: This study included 160 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with a mean age of 61 ± 13.97 years. Male (74.4%) patients were more when compared to female patients (25.6%). Majority of the patients were belong to mild category (44.38%), followed by severe (28.7%) and moderate (26.8%) categories. Fever (73.8%) was the most common symptom. Diabetes mellitus (57.5%) was the most common comorbidity of COVID-19 patients in our study, followed by hypertension (55%). The average CTSS of mild category was 7.4 ± 4.7; for moderate category, the mean CTSS was 14.6 ± 5.78; and for severe category, it was 18.3 ± 5.28. There was increasing trend of severity score, as clinical severity increases which was statistically significant (P = 0.0001). The mean CTSS of patients who required no oxygen, low flow oxygen, high flow oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, and intubated patients was 8.3 ± 5.71, 14.84 ± 5.39, 18.17 ± 5.7, 18.17 ± 6.04, and 22.18 ± 4.07, respectively, which was statistically significant (P = 0.0001). The mean CTSS of patients discharged without oxygen requirement was 11.09 ± 6.48 and patients discharged with oxygen requirement was 18.09 ± 6.12 (P = 0.001). The mean CTSS of patients who died was 20.27 ± 4.62. Conclusion: There was a significant correlation between CT chest severity score and clinical severity and oxygen requirement. CT chest is one of the best screening tools for rapid identification as well as to predict the clinical severity; thereby, it helps the clinician in managing the COVID-19 patients at crucial points during the progression of disease

Treatment-related fluctuations in guillain barre syndrome and the conundrum of additional cycles of plasmapheresis

Introduction: In Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS), worsening of weakness or disability after initial period of recovery or stabilization is described as treatment-related fluctuations (TRF). Aim: This study aims to describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of six patients with GBS and TRF. Patients and Methods: Six patients with GBS fulfilling NINCDS criteria, evaluated at a tertiary care university hospital during 2008–2017, were diagnosed to have TRF. They form the basis of this report. Results: All patients were men and their mean age was 40 years. At presentation, mean duration of illness was 15 days; the illness had plateaued in three and progressive in other three patients. Two of the four patients had variant GBS. Initially, five patients were treated with large volume plasmapheresis (LVPP) and one patient with methyl prednisolone. At 17–28 days after disease onset, three patients developed new neurologic deficits (bilateral facial paresis in two; paralytic ileus in one). Other three patients with worsening of limb weakness (medical research council sum score of >5) and disability (Hughes disability grade by ≥1) fulfilled Kleyweg's criteria for TRF. All the six patients were treated with the completion of five cycles or additional cycles of LVPP. Conclusion: Awareness about TRF is essential for correct diagnosis and management of patients with GBS

Constrictive pericarditis following open-heart surgery in a child

A 6-year- old child developed constrictive pericarditis 2 years after undergoing an open-heart surgery for a congenital cardiac disorder. No other cause of pericarditis was identified. The clinical condition improved after pericardiectomy. The case is reported for its rarity