Entanglement Features of Random Neural Network Quantum States

Restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs) are a class of neural networks that have been successfully employed as a variational ansatz for quantum many-body wave functions. Here, we develop an analytic method to study quantum many-body spin states encoded by random RBMs with independent and identically distributed complex Gaussian weights. By mapping the computation of ensemble-averaged quantities to statistical mechanics models, we are able to investigate the parameter space of the RBM ensemble in the thermodynamic limit. We discover qualitatively distinct wave functions by varying RBM parameters, which correspond to distinct phases in the equivalent statistical mechanics model. Notably, there is a regime in which the typical RBM states have near-maximal entanglement entropy in the thermodynamic limit, similar to that of Haar-random states. However, these states generically exhibit nonergodic behavior in the Ising basis, and do not form quantum state designs, making them distinguishable from Haar-random states.Comment: 22 pages, 13 figures, close to published versio

Itinerant quantum critical point with frustration and non-Fermi-liquid

Employing the self-learning quantum Monte Carlo algorithm, we investigate the frustrated transverse-field triangle-lattice Ising model coupled to a Fermi surface. Without fermions, the spin degrees of freedom undergoes a second-order quantum phase transition between paramagnetic and clock-ordered phases. This quantum critical point (QCP) has an emergent U(1) symmetry and thus belongs to the (2+1)D XY universality class. In the presence of fermions, spin fluctuations introduce effective interactions among fermions and distort the bare Fermi surface towards an interacting one with hot spots and Fermi pockets. Near the QCP, non-Fermi-liquid behavior are observed at the hot spots, and the QCP is rendered into a different universality with Hertz-Millis type exponents. The detailed properties of this QCP and possibly related experimental systems are also discussed.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figure