Dark information of black hole radiation raised by dark energy

The "lost" information of black hole through the Hawking radiation was discovered being stored in the correlation among the non-thermally radiated particles [Phys. Rev. Lett 85, 5042 (2000), Phys. Lett. B 675, 1 (2009)]. This correlation information, which has not yet been proved locally observable in principle, is named by dark information. In this paper, we systematically study the influences of dark energy on black hole radiation, especially on the dark information. Calculating the radiation spectrum in the existence of dark energy by the approach of canonical typicality, which is reconfirmed by the quantum tunneling method, we find that the dark energy will effectively lower the Hawking temperature, and thus makes the black hole has longer life time. It is also discovered that the non-thermal effect of the black hole radiation is enhanced by dark energy so that the dark information of the radiation is increased. Our observation shows that, besides the mechanical effect (e.g., gravitational lensing effect), the dark energy rises the the stored dark information, which could be probed by a non-local coincidence measurement similar to the coincidence counting of the Hanbury-Brown -Twiss experiment in quantum optics.Comment: 21 pages, 3 figures, complete journal-info of Ref.[4] is added, comments are welcome ([email protected]

Associations of Emergency Department Length of Stay With Publicly Reported Quality-of-care Measures.

OBJECTIVE: The Institute of Medicine identified emergency department (ED) crowding as a critical threat to patient safety. We assess the association between changes in publicly reported ED length of stay (LOS) and changes in quality-of-care measures in a national cohort of hospitals. METHODS: Longitudinal analysis of 2012 and 2013 data from the American Hospital Association (AHA) Survey, Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Cost Reports, and CMS Hospital Compare. We included hospitals reporting Hospital Compare timeliness measure of LOS for admitted patients. We used AHA and CMS data to incorporate hospital predictors of interest. We used the method of first differences to test for relationships in the change over time between timeliness measures and six hospital-level measures. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 2,619 hospitals. Each additional hour of ED LOS was associated with a 0.7% decrease in proportion of patients giving a top satisfaction rating, a 0.7% decrease in proportion of patients who would definitely recommend the hospital, and a 6-minute increase in time to pain management for long bone fracture (p \u3c 0.01 for all). A 1-hour increase in ED LOS is associated with a 44% increase in the odds of having an increase in left without being seen (95% confidence interval = 25% to 68%). ED LOS was not associated with hospital readmissions (p = 0.14) or time to percutaneous coronary intervention (p = 0.14). CONCLUSION: In this longitudinal study of hospitals across the United States, improvements in ED timeliness measures are associated with improvements in the patient experience

Designing superhard magnetic material in clathrate \b{eta}-C3N2 through atom embeddedness

Designing new compounds with the coexistence of diverse physical properties is of great significance for broad applications in multifunctional electronic devices. In this work, based on density functional theory, we predict the coexistence of mechanical superhardness and the controllable magnetism in the clathrate material \b{eta}-C3N2 through the implant of the external atom into the intrinsic cage structure. Taking hydrogen-doping (H@\b{eta}-C3N2) and fluorine-doping (F@\b{eta}-C3N2) as examples, our calculations indicate these two doped configurations are stable and discovered that they belong to antiferromagnetic semiconductor and ferromagnetic semi-metal, respectively. These intriguing magnetic phase transitions originate from their distinctive band structure around the Fermi level and can be well understood by the 3D Hubbard model with half-filling occupation and the Stoner model. Moreover, the high Vickers hardness of 49.0 GPa for H@\b{eta}-C3N2 and 48.2 GPa for F@\b{eta}-C3N2 are obtained, suggesting they are clathrate superhard materials as its host. Therefore, the incorporation of H and F in \b{eta}-C3N2 gives rise to a new type of superhard antiferromagnetic semiconductor and superhard ferromagnetic semimetal, respectively, which could have potential applications in harsh conditions. Our work provides an effective strategy to design a new class of highly desirable multifunctional materials with excellent mechanical properties and magnetic properties, which may arouse spintronic applications in superhard materials in the future.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figure