Synthesis of an arginine mimic for an antifungal octapeptide library : this thesis is presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Chemistry at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

A family of bioactive antifungal octapeptides has been established¹⁻³. The template for this library is based on peptides composed of two predefined amino acids, three arginines, and three unknown components. The arginine contains a guanidino group (pKa = 12.48) which is readily protonated under physiological conditions, and hence can bind to fungal cell walls which possess a negatively charged surface. Other components of this peptide are used to kill the fungi by inhibition of their sodium transport system¹⁻⁵. To date this story has survived on the fact that D-amino acids work best. However both D and L arginine derivatives are quite expensive. In collaboration with the research group in the University of Otago, it was planned to develop an effective and economic method to produce a series of compounds to replace arginine. These mimics were designed to be artificial amino acids as NH₂~~N*(R')~~COOR where the side chain R' carries a guanidino group. Thus the chiral carbon is now replaced by an amide group hence no stereocenter, no enantiomers but the guanidino group will retain a high pKa similar to that of the natural arginine. For the synthetic strategy, the target molecule was divided into two parts, one the amino acid backbone, and the other the guanidine containing side chain. Each segment was built up separately and finally combined together. The backbone of the arginine mimic must possess two amino groups. One is at the N-terminal for the next step in peptide synthesis, the other one (N*) is used to connect to the guanidino containing side chain. This was reacted with selected acetate derivatives (t-butylchloroacetate, benzylchloroacetate, methylbromoacetate) that had potential to produce the desired backbone in good yield. Construction of the side chain (R') to be composed of a di-protected guanidine and a carboxylic group was the most challenging and difficult part of this project. To achieve this, two different approaches were studied. One was to use a primary amino acid NH₂₋(CH₂)ₓ₋ COOH (X=1,2,5) to react with a guanylating reagent to make the unprotected side chain, then two protecting groups were added to the two nitrogen containing groups of the guanidine. The other method was protection of a guanylating reagent (usually carboxamidine compounds) then reaction with a primary amino acid to make a di-protected guanidine containing side chain. In amino acid and peptide chemistry, to avoid self condensation and by-product formation, selectivity of amino and carboxylic groups is very crucial hence application of different types of protecting groups are the basis of peptide construction. Therefore in this project, employment of suitable protecting groups at both N- and C-terminals was incorporated in this study. Finally, one arginine mimic N-[N'-((9-fluorenyl)methoxycarbonyl)-2-aminoethyl]-N-t- butyloxycarbonylmethyl-3-N', N"-bis(t-butyloxycarbonyl)carbamidinopropanamide was successfully built up. It will be used for the construction of octapeptides for the current antifungal programme. The final product will be sent to University of Otago for bio-activity tests

T-odd generalized and quasi transverse momentum dependent parton distribution in a scalar spectator model

Generalized transverse momentum dependent parton distributions (GTMDs), as mother funtions of transverse momentum dependent parton distributions (TMDs) and generalized parton distributions (GPDs), encode the most general parton structure of hadrons. We calculate four twist-two time reversal odd GTMDs of pion in a scalar spectator model. We study the dependence of GTMDs on the longitudinal momentum fraction $x$ carried by the active quark and the transverse momentum $|\vec k_T|$ for different values of skewness $\xi$ defined as the longitudinal momentum transferred to the proton as well as the total momentum $|\vec\Delta_T|$ transferred to the proton. In addition, the quasi-TMDs and quasi-GPDs of pion have also been investigated in this paper