Synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial activity for a series of N-phthaloylglycine derivatives

Two series of N-phthaloylglycine derivatives were synthesized under Schotten-Baumann conditions. The first series consists of N-phthaloylglycine amides (4a-h), and the second one consists of benzimidazole derivatives of N-phthaloylglycine (6a-d). All the synthesized analogues were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity by using disc diffusion method. In the first series, compounds 4h (MIC, 0.5 mg/L), 4a (MIC, 0.6 mg/L), and 4e (MIC, 0.7 mg/L) were found to be the most potent against vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA). Furthermore, three compounds i.e. 4g (MIC, 0.8 mg/L), 6b (MIC, 1.5 mg/L), and 4h (MIC, 1.6 mg/L) displayed good activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). All the synthesized compounds exhibited a wide range of antibacterial activity against all of the Staphylococcus aureus resistant strains tested. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS (EI)

Carbazole Alkaloids from Stem Bark of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng(curry patta) has different therapeutic uses and rich source of carbazole alkaloids. Phytochemical studies on the stem bark of M. koenigii yielded one new carbazole alkaloid, afifine, along with two known carbazole alkaloids, mahinimbine and girinimbine. These compounds were isolated using chromatographic methods and identified using spectroscopic techniques

Studies on Chemical Constituents of Caesalpinia bonduc L. Roxb

A new compound caesanol 1 and a known diterpene 6β, 7β-dibenzoyloxyvouacapen-5α-ol 2 is isolated for the first time from ethanolic extract of aerial part of this plant. Structures of both were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis

Carbazole Alkaloids from Stem Bark of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng(curry patta) has different therapeutic uses and rich source of carbazole alkaloids. Phytochemical studies on the stem bark of M. koenigii yielded one new carbazole alkaloid, afifine, along with two known carbazole alkaloids, mahinimbine and girinimbine. These compounds were isolated using chromatographic methods and identified using spectroscopic techniques

Studies on Chemical Constituents of Caesalpinia bonduc L. Roxb

A new compound caesanol 1 and a known diterpene 6β, 7β-dibenzoyloxyvouacapen-5α-ol 2 is isolated for the first time from ethanolic extract of aerial part of this plant. Structures of both were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis

Risk Zone Mapping of Lead Pollution in Urban Groundwater

Groundwater samples (n = 230) were collected from various parts of the Karachi City (Pakistan), Karachi is an urban coastal City situated at the southern most part of the Pakistan along the Arabian Sea. The groundwater samples were subjected to electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (EAAS) for the analysis of Pb. Variable Pb levels were observed in groundwater samples from different parts of the city. The relative higher concentrations of Pb were found in the industrial area of the Lyari River vicinity and along the coastal belt. GIS risk zone model based on disjunctive kriging were generated and areas associated with higher risk for Pb contamination were classified on the map. The outcomes of the study stressed that GIS spatial analysis could be a useful tool for the assessment and forecasting of health risk in complex urban environmental setup

Risk Zone Mapping of Lead Pollution in Urban Groundwater

Groundwater samples (n = 230) were collected from various parts of the Karachi City (Pakistan), Karachi is an urban coastal City situated at the southern most part of the Pakistan along the Arabian Sea. The groundwater samples were subjected to electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (EAAS) for the analysis of Pb. Variable Pb levels were observed in groundwater samples from different parts of the city. The relative higher concentrations of Pb were found in the industrial area of the Lyari River vicinity and along the coastal belt. GIS risk zone model based on disjunctive kriging were generated and areas associated with higher risk for Pb contamination were classified on the map. The outcomes of the study stressed that GIS spatial analysis could be a useful tool for the assessment and forecasting of health risk in complex urban environmental setup

Effect of Cyclone on the Composition of Rainfall at Karachi City

A rapid urbanization results in increased levels of atmospheric pollutants and magnitude of this increase is much higher in the cities of developing world. Speciation of chemicals in rainwater is one way to assess the degree and nature of atmospheric contaminant accumulation and sources of these contaminants. In June 2010 an episode of heavy rain in the megacity of Karachi occurred due to the impact of Cyclone PHET, which was expected to hit Karachi city along the Arabian Sea. Cyclone impacted rainwater samples were collected from all over Karachi city and analyzed by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. A wide range of concentrations were observed among different sites i.e. pH (range 6.13 - 7.92, average 7.31), conductivity (range 9µS/cm - 154µS/cm), major anions F- (0 - 9.22µeq/L), Cl- (31.7 - 184.7µeq/L), NO3- (2.2 - 13.7µeq/L), SO42- (9.3 - 614µeq/L) and cations Ca2+ (13.1 - 364.3µeq/L), Mg2+ (5.83 - 72.65µeq/L), Na+ (49.1 - 344.7µeq/L), NH4+ (0.86 - 58.59µeq/L) and K+ (0 - 61.44µeq/L). This wide variation of distribution was attributed to the long range transportation and climatic conditions due to cyclone effect. Industrial area samples showed a dominating character of industrial influence whereas residential areas were influenced more with the coastal impact. Spatial interpolations were used to interpret the chemical data on geographical maps using ArcGIS®

Persistence and Degradation of Imidacloprid in Wheat Crop

Present study was conducted to investigate the levels and persistence of imidacloprid residues in wheat grains and straw of field crop samples grown from treated seed and foliar application. Objective of the study was to assess the best practices that may be used to produce safe grains and straw. Residual uptake of imidacloprid was measured after seed treatments at four dosage levels of seed. Each sample of 25g treated seed was sown in a separate 5ft2 plot.The absorption of imidacloprid residues was investigated by spraying the crops with 1ml and 5ml of 6 mgmL-1 solution of 200SL Confidor (imidacloprid). The results helped in determining the maximum allowable limits of imidacloprid application (foliar or seed treatment) on wheat, which would prevent the residues from exceeding the MRL. The quantitative determination of imidacloprid suggested that the lowest seed treatment level (i.e. 0.015g/25g seed) may be used to produce a residues-free crop