Genetic Variation of MtDNA Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) in Local Swamp Buffaloes in Indonesia

The objective of this research was to identify genetic variation of mitochondria DNA especially in cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) among population of Indonesian buffaloes. Samples of swamp buffaloes were collected from Aceh (n= 3), North Sumatra (n= 3), Riau (n= 3), Banten (n= 3), Central Java (n= 3), West Nusa Tenggara (n= 3) and South Sulawesi (n= 3), and riverine buffalo from North Sumatra (n= 1) out of group for comparison. Sequence of COI was analyzed using MEGA 5.10 software with neighbor-joining method kimura 2-parameter model to reconstruct phylogeny tree. The result showed that three haplotypes for swamp buffalo and one haplotype for riverine buffalo in Indonesia resulted from 41 polymorphic sites. This finding showed that the COI gene could be considered as a marker to distinguish among swamp buffaloes in Indonesia

Species Authentication of Dog, Cat, and Tiger Using Cytochrome Β Gene

Adulteration of animal food products for economic reason has happened during the last decades. Species identification method development was needed to prevent falsification information. The objective of this research was to study species authentication (dog, cat, and tiger) to ensure animal origin in products using cyt β gene specific marker. DNA extraction and fragment amplification were conducted using phenol-chloroform and multiplex PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) method, respectively. This research showed that fragment length of amplification for species tested (dog, cat, and tiger) were 523, 331, 319 bp, respectively. Species specificity was also indicated by high reverse primers homology percentage. Multiplex PCR technique succeed to amplify DNA fragment from species tested, but has a limitation to amplify total DNA composite of mix DNA

Microanatomical Structure and Physical Characteristics of Thin Tail Hogget with Calpastatin (CAST-1) Genotype Differences

Thin tail sheep has good adaptation in tropics condition, but they have low meat quality. Quality of thin tail hogget can be improved by selection. Calpastatin (CAST) gene is an indigenous inhibitor of calpain that involved in regulation of protein turn over and growth. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of calpastatin-genotype on microanatomical structure and physical characteristics of thin tail hodget. Nine thin tail sheep from Jonggol were used for this research.PCR-RFLP method was carried out to identify genetic variation of calpastatin gene, based on the identificationof CAST variation genotype. It was found that MM and MN genotypes forcalpastatin gene with TT as asingle Calpain genotype variation. The sheep wasclustered based on the variation of calpastatin gene, 5 sheep hadMM genotype and 4 sheep hadMN genotype. Physical and microanatomical characteristics were analyzed from their meats. Sheep with MN genotype showed tougher meat, it was characterized with a greater of muscle fiber surface area, the number of muscle per muscle bundle and muscle bundle area and harder meat tenderness than in MM genotypes. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of MN were greater than MM

Histomorphology and Physical Characteristics of Buffalo Meat at Different Sex and Age

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate histology and physical variables of buffalo meat at different sex and ages. Thirty head of buffaloes were used in this experiment. Muscle fiber diameter, fasciculus diameter, thickness of connective tissue, pH, water holding capacity, Warner-Bratzler shear force and cooking loss were measured in this experiment. Analysis of variance of randomized factorial design was used to analyse the data. The differences were analysed by Tukey test. The result showed that muscle fiber diameter was influenced by ages. The difference muscle fiber diameter among ages indicated that 8-12 mo and 1.5 yr old have smaller diameter compared to three year old (P<0.05), but there was no differences between two, three and four years old. The fasciculus diameter, thickness of connective tissue, tenderness, pH value, water holding capacity, and cooking lost indicated no significant found in all stage of age and sex of samples. Meat qualities of buffaloes were not affected by age (2-4 yr) and sex

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jarak Pagar (Jatropha Curcas L) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus Atcc 25923, Escherichia Coli Atcc 25922, Dan Salmonella Typhi Atcc 1408

Jatropha curcas L is a plant species that can be used for curing, since it contains flavonoid, saponin, and tanin. Jatropha multifida L is proved to have antibacterial activities (Sisunandar, et.al., 2002). This research was intended to find out the antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts of Jatropha curcas L leaves on bacteria Staphylococus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi, find out the effectiveness of those antibacterial activities and identify the compound groups contained in the ethanol extracts, the result of antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of Jatropha curcas L was analized by statistic. Employing a maceration method, Jatropha curcas L leaves were extracted using ethanol 70% for five days. Employing an agar-diffusion method aided by disk papers and in order to find out the inhibitory area diameters of the extracts, the extracts were then tested for their antibacterial activities. Qualitative analysis on the chemical contents of the extracts were conducted employing. TLC method aided by silica-gel stationary phases for saponin and tanin and cellulose phases for flavonoid. The motion phases used ethyl acetat-acidformiat-acid acetat-water for flavonoid, chloroform-methanol for saponin and buthanol-acid acetat-water for tanin. The result of the test on antibacterial activities were analyzed statistically using Kruskall Wallis and Mann & Whitney tests. The analysis showed that ethanol extracts of the Jatropha curcas L leaves inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus but not the growth of Eschericia coli and Salmonella typhi. The testing concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% b/v produed inhibitory area diameters averaging 8.25, 9.25, 11.00, 13.25, and 19.00 mm respectively. The positive control of Ampicillin produced an average inhibitory area diameters of 40.00 mm while the solvent control did not produce any inhibitory area diameters. Statistical test showed that there were significant differences among the different concentrations of the extracts.Thin Layer Chromatography tests produced yellow color showing the existence of flavonoid, bluish violet color showing the existence of saponin, and grayish green color showing the existence of tanin

Uji Kandungan Bakteri Escherichia Coli Pada Air Minum Isi Ulang Dari Depot Air Minum Isi Ulang Di Kabupaten Rembang Testing of Escherichia Coli Bacteria Content in Drinking Water Refill From Drinking Water Refill Depot in Rembang Sub-district

Water refill is water that has through purification processes both Ultraviolet and ionization, by many stages of filtration to obtain clean water, in order to provide human needs. This research performed by Athena, et.al., (2003) to shows that Total Coli and Escherichia coli in high-enough amounts inside water refill from water refill depot (DAMIU) in Jakarta, Tangerang, and Bekasi. There are many efforts related with this water refill that causes DAMIU developed rapidly, so that required monitoring improvement because water is the primary needs of human being. This research aims to identify Escherichia coli bacteria content that exist in drinking water of water refill from DAMIU in Rembang Sub district. This research is survey type, equipped with microbiology test using MPN method (Most Probable Number). The populations are 25 DAMIU in Rembang sub-district. Data analysis performed descriptively. Test, conducted by water refill sampling, which produced by DAMIU in Rembang sub-district. The testing includes: approximation test using Lactosa Broth (LB) medium, confirmation test using Briliant Green Lactose Bile Broth (BGLB) medium, complementary test using Mc. Conkey medium and Gram painting was performed to identify bacteria types using microscope by 100 times magnification, and Biochemistry test that is IMVIC (Indol, Methyl-Red, Voges Proskauer, and Citrat). In water refill which produced by DAMIU in Rembang Sub district, there is 1 sample (4%) with MPN value of E. coli 13/100 ml and Coliform MPN 21/100 ml, does not fulfill the bacteriology requirements of drinking water quality, according to Health Minister Decree No.907/MENKES/SK/VII/2002 : ³The existence of E.Coli bacteria 0/100 ml sample´, while 24 samples has fulfill the requirements, with MPN value of E.Coli and Coliform < 2, so that it safe and ready to consume

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Fraksi Kloroform Ekstrak Etanol Pegagan (Centella Asiatica (L) Urb) Serta Identifikasi Senyawa Aktifnya

Penyakit infeksi merupakan penyakit yang banyak diderita oleh masyarakat dan terus berkembang dari waktu ke waktu dalam dunia kesehatan. Ekstrak etanol pegagan (Centella asiatica (L) Urb) memiliki aktivitas antimikroba yang lebih baik daripada ekstrak petroleum eter dan air (Jagtap et al., 2009). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya aktivitas antibakteri fraksi kloroform dari ekstrak etanol pegagan terhadap bakteri Gram positif (S. aureus dan B. subtilis) dan Gram negatif (E. coli, P. aeruginosa dan S. typhi), mengetahui besarnya aktivitas antibakteri dari fraksi kloroform tersebut dan mengidentifikasi golongan senyawa yang terkandung dalam fraksi tersebut. Ekstrak etanol pegagan diperoleh dengan menyari simplisia menggunakan penyari etanol 96% secara sokletasi, lalu diuapkan dengan rotary evaporator. Ekstrak tersebut kemudian difraksinasi bertingkat dengan pelarut n-heksan dan kloroform. Fraksi kloroform yang diperoleh diuapkan hingga kekentalan sekitar 300 cps kemudian dilarutkan dalam DMSO, konsentrasi yang digunakan adalah 2063; 1031,5; 515,7; 257,8; 128,9 µg/disk. Aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan secara difusi agar, identifikasi senyawa aktif menggunakan metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT). Fraksi kloroform memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap B. Subtilis dan P.aeruginosa, tetapi tidak memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. aureus, E. coli dan S. typhi. Fraksi kloroform tersebut dapat menghambat B. subtilis pada konsentrasi 257,8; 515,7; 1031,5; 2063 µg/disk dengan DDH berturut-turut sebesar 7,50; 7,86; 8,63; 9,76 mm, sedangkan P.aeruginosa pada konsentrasi 515,7; 1031,5; 2063 µg/disk dengan DDH berturut-turut sebesar 8,10; 9,10; 10,20 mm. Fraksi kloroform tersebut mengandung senyawa fenol dan terpenoid

A Novel Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in Exon 4 of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Associated with Production Traits in Bali Cattle

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is one of the gene candidates that can be used in selection strategy by using DNA markers (marker assisted selection). Gene candidate strategy is a molecular biology techniques to identify quantitative trait loci directly, with the assumption that genetic variation associated to quantitative trait variation. This study was designed to identify any new mutations in exon 4 that can cause the IGF-1 gene polymorphism and then affect the production traits on Bali cattle. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery was conducted by using the direct sequencing technique. Genetic variation of the genes candidate was identified by using PCR-RFLP technique. The results of this study indicate the presence of a new SNP in exon 4 of IGF-1 gene caused by the T/C transition, which can be identified using Rsa1 restriction enzyme. Genotypic polymorphism of IGF-1/Rsa1 has a significant influence on birth weight, weaning weight and average daily gain of Bali cattle. CC genotype had a birth weight rate, weaning weight and average daily gain of: 15.64±1.83; 83.15±9.00, and 0.439±0.07 respectively, higher than the TT and CT genotype. IGF-1/Rsa1 can be used as a genetic marker for selection of birth weight, weaning weight, and daily body weight gain