Effect of walking and summer stress on physiological, heamatological and antioxidant profiles in mithun bulls

The study was conducted to evaluate effect of walking stress on physiological, heamatological and antioxidant profiles in mithun bulls. Mithun bulls (12) of adult age of 4 to 6 yr (500–600 kg body weight) with body condition score 5–6 were selected and divided into group 1 (6): control (not exposed to walking and thermal stress) and group 2 (6): treatment (exposed to walking and thermal stress). The treatment group was allowed to walk 15 km to and fro from the farm without allowing grazing. The control animals were kept in the adjacent shed covered with asbestos sheets and surrounded by big trees. The time of walking was from 0900 h to 1400 h. The experiment was conducted during summer (May to July). Immediately after stress, the animals were restrained and physiological parameters such as rectal temperature (RT), respiration rate (RR), pulse rate (PR), heart rate (HR), skin temperature (ST) were measured. Meanwhile, blood samples were collected to study the heamatological such as red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and antioxidant profiles such as reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GSHRx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxide such as malondialdehyde (MDA). The result revealed that physiological, heamatological profiles and MDA were significantly higher and antioxidant profiles were significantly lowered in stressed animals than in unstressed animal group. It was concluded that the walking stress and hot summer stress has significantly affected the performance of mithun

Prevalence of various pathological conditions in female buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

The present review article has described the prevalence of various pathological conditions of reproductive system of female buffaloes starting from ovary to vulva and vagina. Various pathological conditions were analyzed and tabulated as the total number of animal examined, number of the animals showed pathological lesions, percentage of animal showed various pathological lesions and percentage of individual pathological lesion in different parts of reproductive system of female buffaloes. The incidence of disorders of female genital organs of buffaloes has been reported by various authors at various percentages in different countries. The incidence of pathological conditions was recorded in clinically infertile cows after slaughtering or from apparently healthy buffaloes slaughtered for human consumption and/or based on postmortem examination. This review is comprehensively covering pathological conditions of female buffalo hitherto which was not previously described at one place. This review will provide a comprehensive knowledge about the prevalence of different pathological condition of different parts of reproductive tract of female buffaloes. The review has six numbers of tables described about the various pathological conditions from ovary to vulva and vagina in female buffaloes. The present review article will be very useful to the buffalo farmers, buffalo breeders and researchers are working in buffalo reproduction & breeding and pathology

Decursinol Angelate Arrest Melanoma Cell Proliferation by Initiating Cell Death and Tumor Shrinkage via Induction of Apoptosis

Melanoma is known to aggressively metastasize and is one of the prominent causes of skin cancer mortality. This study was designed to assess the molecular mechanism of decursinol angelate (DA) against murine melanoma cell line (B16F10 cells). Treatment of DA resulted in growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 (p < 0.001) phase, evaluated through immunoblotting. Moreover, autophagy-related proteins such as ATG-5 (p < 0.0001), ATG-7 (p < 0.0001), beclin-1 (p < 0.0001) and transition of LC3-I to LC3-II (p < 0.0001) were markedly decreased, indicating autophagosome inhibition. Additionally, DA treatment triggered apoptotic events which were corroborated by the occurrence of distorted nuclei, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Subsequently, there was an increase in the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax in a dose-dependent manner, with the corresponding downregulation of Bcl-2 expression and cytochrome C expression following 24 h DA treatment in A375.SM and B16F10 cells. We substantiated our results for apoptotic occurrence through flow cytometry in B16F10 cells. Furthermore, we treated B16F10 cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). NAC treatment upregulated ATG-5 (p < 0.0001), beclin-1 (p < 0.0001) and LC3-I to LC3-II (p < 0.0001) conversion, which was inhibited in the DA treatment group. We also noticed a systematic upregulation of important markers for progression of G1 cell phase such as CDK-2 (p < 0.029), CDK-4 (p < 0.036), cyclin D1 (p < 0.0003) and cyclin E (p < 0.020) upon NAC treatment. In addition, we also observed a significant fold reduction (p < 0.05) in ROS fluorescent intensity and the expression of Bax (p < 0.0001), cytochrome C (p < 0.0001), cleaved caspase-9 (p > 0.010) and cleaved caspase-3 (p < 0.0001). NAC treatment was able to ameliorate DA-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest to support our finding. Our in vivo xenograft model also revealed similar findings, such as downregulation of CDK-2 (p < 0.0001) and CDK-4 (p < 0.0142) and upregulation of Bax (p < 0.0001), cytochrome C (p < 0.0001), cleaved caspase 3 (p < 0.0001) and cleaved caspase 9 (p < 0.0001). In summary, our study revealed that DA is an effective treatment against B16F10 melanoma cells and xenograft mice model

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Not AvailableA study was conducted to measure the effect of melatonin (MT) on motility and velocity parameters of mithun semen by Computer Assisted Sperm Analyser (CASA) in different seasons. Total numbers of 80 ejaculates (20 ejaculates in each season) were collected twice a week from mithun bulls and were split into five equal aliquots, diluted with the Tris Egg Yolk Citrate (TEYC) extender. Group 1: semen without additives (control), group 2 to group 6: semen was diluted with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mM of melatonin, respectively. CASA parameter such as Forward Progressive Motility (FPM), Total Motility (TM), Curvilinear Velocity (VCL), Straight Line Velocity (VSL), Average Path Velocity (VAP), Linearity (LIN), Straightness (STR), Amplitude of Lateral Head displacement (ALH) and Beat / Cross Frequency (BCF) were measured after 12 hrs of incubation at 5oC. Blood samples were collected in different seasons to estimate the melatonin. The results revealed that these parameters were varied significantly (p<0.05) among the different experimental groups and among the seasons. Further, MT at 3 mM has significant improvement than other treatment groups stored in in- vitro at different seasons. Additionally, spring season has highest value followed by winter and autumn season, whereas lower values were in summer season. Melatonin concentration was higher in winter season and lowest was in summer season. The result of the study indicated that the melatonin protects CASA parameters, varied in different seasons. It was concluded that ejaculates from spring and winter season has significantly higher CASA parameters in mithun.Not Availabl