Applicability of End Use Method for Long Term Load Forecasting of Islands

Electric load forecasting of a nation, state or a city is very important for their growth. The consumption of electricity is directly proportional to the economic development of a region. Long term electric load forecasting gives you the idea of load requirement after 5 years or 10 years or 15 years. This forecast helps the administrators for taking action to meet the electric requirement. Accuracy of this assessment will fulfill the main objective of maintaining the supply and demand of electricity. Among the various methods of long term electric load forecasting End Use method is one of the mostly used methods. It gives good result for big states and countries which are economically sound, with rich natural recourses and well connected with other states. This work finds out the applicability of End Use method for long term load forecasting of remote islands. Anadaman Nicober Islands is taken as a case study. The result shows that when forecasting goes beyond five, six years the errors are not acceptable. This work gives the direction to the administrators and researchers to explore other methods, may be some hybrid methods for long term forecasting of Islands

Characterization of Bio-Oil and Upgradation to Dieseloil

Because of the shortage of the conventional fuels, the price is increasing at a higher rate and a time will come when all will be deprived of these resources. Due to these fuels there is also increase in pollution; hence there is a requirement to find alternative energy sources for the automobile and industrial uses. So taking the above mentioned problem into account, the present analysis is done by taking tyre oil which was produced by the pyrolysis of the waste bicycle tyres. Thermal pyrolysis is one of the renewable advancements where waste tyre is pyrolysed into fuel oil, carbon dark, and ignitable gas under the activity of sensible mechanical conditions. This innovation sensibly and successfully arranges waste tyre without contamination, and is successful in delivering fuel that can lessen energy emergency. In a semi batch reactor thermal pyrolysis of waste tyre was carried out at a temperature range of 450ºC to 800ºC. The ideal pyrolytic oil of 49.6% was obtained at 600ºC for tyre. Standard test techniques were used to found out the physical characteristics of the tyre oil and the chemical constituents were analyzed by using GC-MS, FTIR analyzer. Crude bio-oil formed by quick pyrolysis comprises of a complex mixture of different oxygenated compounds which keep its utilization specifically as a fuel. The target of this examination is to enhance the bio-oil quality. Besides, the troubles and scope were briefly described along with some suggestions based on upgrading and applications of bio oil

Epigenetic Basis of Diabetic Vasculopathy

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) causes peripheral vascular disease because of which several blood-borne factors, including vital nutrients fail to reach the affected tissue. Tissue epigenome is sensitive to chronic hyperglycemia and is known to cause pathogenesis of micro- and macrovascular complications. These vascular complications of T2DM may perpetuate the onset of organ dysfunction. The burden of diabetes is primarily because of a wide range of complications of which nonhealing diabetic ulcers represent a major component. Thus, it is imperative that current research help recognize more effective methods for the diagnosis and management of early vascular injuries. This review addresses the significance of epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation and histone modifications in the evolution of macrovascular and microvascular complications of T2DM

Loss of interleukin-12 modifies the pro-inflammatory response but does not prevent duct obstruction in experimental biliary atresia

BACKGROUND: Livers of infants with biliary atresia and of neonatal mice infected with rotavirus (RRV) have increased expression of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin (IL)-12. While the expression of IFNγ regulates the obstruction of extrahepatic bile ducts by lymphocytes, the role of IL-12 in the pathogenesis of biliary obstruction is unknown. Based on the role of IL-12 as a key proinflammatory cytokine, we hypothesized that loss of IL-12 prevents the obstruction of extrahepatic bile ducts. METHODS: IL12-knockout (IL-12KO) and wild type mice were injected with RRV or saline at day 1 of age and monitored for the development of symptoms. The cellular and molecular phenotypes were determined at days 3, 7, and 14 by real-time PCR and flow cytometry. RESULTS: RRV infection of IL-12KO mice resulted in growth failure, jaundice/acholic stools, and decreased survival similar to wild-type mice. IL-12KO mice had a remarkable neutrophil-rich portal inflammation and epithelial sloughing of extrahepatic bile ducts. Loss of IL-12 decreased but did not abolish the hepatic expression of IFNγ, displayed a remarkable increase in expression of TNFα, IFNα, IFNβ and decreased expression of IL-4 and IL-5. CONCLUSION: Loss of IL-12 did not modify the progression of bile duct obstruction in experimental biliary atresia. However, the inflammatory response was predominantly neutrophil-based and displayed a Th1 response in the absence of IL-12

Building Resilience of Critical Infrastructure: A Case of Impacts of Cyclones on the Power Sector in Odisha

Odisha is multi-hazard-prone state in the eastern part of India. Among the various disasters, the frequency and severity of cyclones have increased at an alarming rate in the last two decades, which is attributed to climatic change. The state government of Odisha has made great strides in reducing the lives lost in the state, but an increase in economic losses and damage to critical infrastructure has become a point of worry. Considering the power sector as the most crucial of all critical infrastructures, this paper explores the impact that cyclones have had on the sector in the last two decades in Odisha. The 4R concept of robustness, redundancy, rapidity and resourcefulness is applied to the power sector, and how this is supported by governance is studied. The study points towards need for the master planning of critical infrastructure, based on the risk assessment, establishment of funding mechanisms for mitigation measures and the standardization and quality checking of power sector equipment to withstand the wind speeds of category 4 and above. There needs to be a good coordination between the power sector and the disaster management sector with proper legislative provision. Knowledge management, training and capacity building is another important issue which needs to be focused on

Investigation and Fabrication of Thermo-mechanical Properties of Ceiba Pentandra Bark Fiber/Poly (Vinyl) Alcohol Composites for Automobile Dash Board and Door Panel Applications

In the present study, Ceiba pentandra bark (CP) fibers, owing to their low weight-to-high strength ratio and recyclable features have been selected as reinforcement in thermoplastic polymer. i.e., poly (vinyl) alcohol (PVA) for fabrication of composites to find its application in automobile dash board and door panel. The bark fibers were chemically modified with NaOH to enhance its bonding property with hydrophobic polymer. The mechanical properties increases at the early stage with the increase in fiber content till optimum (20 wt% of fiber) fiber loading following that it declines. The mechanical properties obtained at optimum fiber loading are 98.49 MPa of flexural strength, 32.01 kJ/m2 of impact strength, 85.92 MPa of tensile strength and 98.49 MPa of flexural strength. The composites were further characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy for analysis. The thermal stability of the composites increased as compared to neat PVA matrix which was concluded by TGA. 20 wt% fiber content composites were found to be highly suitable for making dash board and door panels by automotive industries as it reveals better mechanical as well as thermal properties compared with other fabricated composites

NHC as a Ligand in Heterobimetallic Catalysis: An Insight into a Catalytic Friedel–Crafts-like Reaction

The calculation of local reactivity descriptors, namely, local electron density and the Fukui function index for nucleophilic attack at a center, established that in transition metal–tin heterobimetallic complexes, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) is a better ligand than its alkene and phosphine analogues for the coupling of C–H and C–OH bonds. This insight was verified by synthesizing a new complex (NHC)2Pd(Br)(SnCl3), which turned out to be an excellent catalyst for the coupling of arene/heteroarene with alcohol (0.5–1 mol %; 60 °C; >35 examples; high TOF). Results from kinetic and thermodynamic studies have been described. Correspondingly, a mechanism is proposed