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Not AvailableThe present study was aimed to identify the major ROS detoxification pathway in peanut under salinity stress. Pot experiment was conducted with six peanut genotypes (differing in salt-sensitivity) and four levels of salt stress. Higher level of salt stress led to severe plant mortality and reduction in membrane stability especially in sensitive genotypes. Higher ROS accumulation in sensitive genotypes (NRCG 357 and TMV 2) as compared to the tolerant ones (Somnath, TPG 41, CS 240) was confirmed by both spectrometry and in situ histo-chemical staining. Salinity stress changed the cellular antioxidant pool, where the levels of total ascorbate and proline increased in all the genotypes, but the total glutathione content showed significant reduction with more pronounced effect in sensitive genotypes. Major changes in POD and CAT activities was observed in response to salt stress, indicating POD as the major H2O2 detoxifying enzyme in tolerant genotypes. The POD activity was supplemented by CAT activity in sensitive genotypes, where there was relatively higher ROS load. The SOD showed minimal up-regulation under salt stress with undistinguishable difference between tolerant and sensitive genotypes, while APX and GR showed almost no induction, suggesting nominal association of these enzymes with overall salt tolerance in peanut.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAntioxidants are substances that can prevent oxidative damage in the living cells. The dietary sources of natural antioxidants are derived from both plant and animal foods; they can also be extracted from natural sources or synthesized. In recent years, due to increasing concern with possible hazardous side effects from synthetic antioxidants, emphasis is being given on natural antioxidants. Dietary antioxidants have the potential to prevent diseases caused by oxidative stresses and hence are used for treatment of these diseases.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableReactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in developmental and signal transduction processes during seed germination and early seedling establishment stages. Higher concentrations of ROS are known to have detrimental effects when the plant is under salt stress. In the present study, we aimed to test the early (1 h) and late (48 h) response of enzyme-driven ROS detoxification system in six peanut genotypes under salt stress at early seedling stage. Salt stress was imposed with three treatment concentrations of NaCl (50, 100 and 200 mM NaCl), all of which showed a reduction in seed germination and seedling vigour index. The 200 mM NaCl stress showed severe reduction of growth, while 100 mM NaCl stress resulted in rapid increase in O2 ·− and H2O2 contents. The O2 ·− content increased twofold in sensitive genotypes after 1 h of stress, whereas the tolerant genotypes showed ~ 60% rise. A prompt rise (> 50-fold) in SOD transcript was occurred within 1 h of salt stress in the tolerant genotypes (early response). But induction in SOD activity was observed only after 48 h of salt stress (late response). After 48 h of salt stress, the tolerant genotypes showed greater induction of POD activity, whereas in the sensitive genotypes CAT activity was more pronounced. We found POD and CAT played a greater role in H2O2 detoxification in tolerant and sensitive genotypes, respectively, during longer duration of the stress. This study summarizes the selective induction of different components of antioxidant enzyme system and their role in cellular fine tuning of ROS level in peanut under salt stress during seedling establishment stage.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) are vital micronutrients for plants and their deficiency causes severe impairments in physiological and biochemical responses of plants. In response to stress emerging due to their deficiency, plants evolve different strategies to regulate the homeostasis network to ensure optimum Fe and Zn uptake. Fe and Zn biofortification of food crops offer a promising approach to alleviate the malnutrition caused due to their deficiency. However, the complex mechanism underlying the fine-tuned processes of mineral uptake, transport and accumulation in seeds involve a multitude of regulatory insights including alteration in root morphology, nutrient partitioning and subsequent accumulation in seeds mediated by different transporters, chelators, transcription factors and post transcriptional regulation which act in a coordinated manner to elicit responses in plants regulating Fe and Zn acquisition. These insights into the regulatory mechanisms will provide a better understanding for improving the Fe- and Zn- use efficiencies, maximization of Fe and Zn bioavailability in edible parts, the deficiency tolerance attributes and subsequent Fe and Zn- biofortification in plants.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableJack (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is a multipurpose fruit-tree species with minimal genomic resources. The study reports developing comprehensive transcriptome data containing 80,411 unigenes with an N50 value of 1265 bp. We predicted 64,215 CDSs from the unigenes and annotated and functionally categorized them into the biological process (23,230), molecular function (27,149), and cellular components (17,284). From 80,411 unigenes, we discovered 16,853 perfect SSRs with 192 distinct repeat motif types reiterating 4 to 22 times. Besides, we identified 2741 TFs from 69 TF families, 53 miRNAs from 19 conserved miRNA families, 25,953 potential lncRNAs, and placed three functional eTMs in different lncRNA-miRNA pairs. The regulatory networks involving genes, TFs, and miRNAs identified several regulatory and regulated nodes providing insight into miRNAs' gene associations and transcription factor-mediated regulation. The comparison of expression patterns of some selected miRNAs vis-à-vis their corresponding target genes showed an inverse relationship indicating the possible miRNA-mediated regulation of the genes.Not Availabl

Spatio-temporal expression pattern of Raffinose Synthase genes determine the levels of Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed

Abstract Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are known to have important physiological functions in plants. However, the presence of RFOs in legumes causes flatulence, hence are considered antinutrients. To reduce the RFOs content to a desirable limit without compromising normal plant development and functioning, the identification of important regulatory genes associated with the biosynthetic pathway is a prerequisite. In the present study, through comparative RNA sequencing in contrasting genotypes for seed RFOs content at different seed maturity stages, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the pathway were identified. The DEGs exhibited spatio-temporal expression patterns with high RFOs variety showing early induction of RFOs biosynthetic genes and low RFOs variety showing a late expression at seed maturity. Selective and seed-specific differential expression of raffinose synthase genes (AhRS14 and AhRS6) suggested their regulatory role in RFOs accumulation in peanut seeds, thereby serving as promising targets in low RFOs peanut breeding programs. Despite stachyose being the major seed RFOs fraction, differential expression of raffinose synthase genes indicated the complex metabolic regulation of this pathway. The transcriptomic resource and the genes identified in this study could be studied further to develop low RFOs varieties, thus improving the overall nutritional quality of peanuts